青島大學英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文-淺析記者招待會口譯中文化負載詞的翻譯策略

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文 (設計)</p><p>　　題 目： 淺析記者招待會口譯中文化負載詞的翻譯策略 </p><p>　　學 院： 外國語學院 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 英語語言文學 </p><p>　　姓 名：

2、 孫彩虹 </p><p>　　指導教師： 張銘澗 </p><p>　　2014 年 3月 21日</p><p>　　ON COPING STRATEGIES OF INTERPRETING CULTURE-RICH CHINESE INTO ENGLISH: </p><p>　

3、　A CASE STUDY OF PREMIER WEN JIABAO'S SPEECH AT PRESS CONFERENCE </p><p><b>　　BY</b></p><p>　　Sun Caihong</p><p>　　ENGLISH DEPARTMENT</p><p>　　COLLEGE O

4、F FOREIGN LANGUAGES</p><p>　　QINGDAO UNIVERSITY</p><p>　　March 21, 2014 </p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　During the Press Conferences held during NPC and

5、 CPPCC, the speaker would often quote expressions heavily loaded with Chinese cultural characteristics, including ancient Chinese poems, proverbs, allusions and the like. It is a challenge to all interpreters to interpre

6、t them well so as to make the audience understand them without the loss of their original beauty at the same time.</p><p>　　This thesis will analyze the cultural-embedded expressions, including the ancient C

7、hinese poems and words and expressions with Chinese characteristics. Besides, the strategies used in interpretation, like literal translation, literal translation plus explanation, liberal translation, substitute transla

8、tion and translation via addition will be studied. At the same time, some inappropriate interpretations, like redundancy, misinterpretations as a result of misunderstanding and unsmoothness will be</p><p>　　

9、Key words: Press Conference, interpreting strategies, culture-rich expressions, expressions with Chinese characteristics, poems</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　在每年兩會期間召開的記者招待會上，國家領導人經(jīng)常會

10、引用一些古詩詞、諺語、典故等表達方式，它們內(nèi)涵豐富，中國文化色彩濃厚。如何把它們翻譯好，讓國內(nèi)外的媒體理解，又不失原表達的美感，給譯員的現(xiàn)場口譯工作也提出了很大的挑戰(zhàn)。</p><p>　　本論文以溫家寶總理的記者招待會為例，重點分析了漢譯英口譯中的古詩詞和具有中國特色的表達方式及口譯員現(xiàn)場翻譯時所采取的策略，如：直譯、直譯加解釋、意譯、增添翻譯、替代翻譯等。同時，本論文也對一些漢譯英口譯中出現(xiàn)的贅述、譯員不理解

11、導致的誤譯、譯文前后不連貫等問題予以分析，并提出解決方案。希望能夠對以后的口譯研究和實踐有所借鑒意義。</p><p>　　關鍵詞：記者招待會，口譯策略，文化負載詞，中國特色表達，詩詞</p><p><b>　　Contents</b></p><p>　　Chapter 1 Introduction</p><p>

12、　　China's rapid economic development has attracted worldwide attention; as a result, the world is taking every opportunity to learn more about the policies of the Chinese government and the prospects of China. One of

13、 the effective ways they can do that is through the Press Conferences held during NPC and CPPCC every year. And what makes it possible for the other countries to understand China in the Press Conferences is interpretat

14、ion. </p><p>　　During the Press Conferences, the Premier would often express his ideas by way of ancient Chinese poems and expressions with distinctive Chinese characteristics, which can pose a huge challeng

15、e to the interpreters due to the differences in culture and language between China and other countries. Proper interpretations of these culture-rich expressions can add to the beauty of original messages, while improper

16、ones, on the other hand, not only can confuse the audience, but sometimes can have serio</p><p>　　In this thesis, the author first gives a brief introduction to conference interpreting, including its definit

17、ions, its characteristics, and its requirements for the interpreters, which are the basis for the following chapters. Then an analysis of the Chinese-English interpretation of culture-rich expressions in Press Conference

18、s and a general introduction to interpreting strategies is given in chapter 3. In chapter 4, a detailed study of the coping strategies of interpreting culture-rich express</p><p>　　This thesis aims to conduc

19、t an in-depth study to the cultural elements in Press Conferences and the strategies used in interpretation. Also, it is hoped that this study can find out the limitations of the previous studies, and be of useful implic

20、ations to future studies.</p><p>　　Chapter 2 A Brief Introduction to Conference Interpreting</p><p>　　This chapter is aimed at giving a brief introduction to conference interpreting, including i

21、ts definitions, characteristics, and its required qualities for the interpreters, which lay the foundation for the following chapters.</p><p>　　2.1 Definitions of Conference Interpreting</p><p>

22、　　Before we move on to conference interpreting, it is necessary to know about interpretation first, for the knowledge of it helps us better understand conference interpreting.</p><p>　　As Mei Deming (2006) h

23、as said, interpretation, as a bridge in cross-cultural exchanges, means the transformation of the information one has perceived and understood among different languages in a precise and swift manner orally. </p>

24、<p>　　Conference interpreting, a branch of interpretation, can be divided into two categories, consecutive interpretation, which is often used in diplomatic meetings, banquets addresses, Press Conferences, business

25、negotiations, academic seminars and so on, on which occasions the interpreter listens to part or all of the speech, then starts interpreting with the help of notes; and simultaneous interpretation, which is often used in

26、 international forums and summits, on which occasions the interpreter s</p><p>　　Press Conference is a kind of conference. The relevant authorities invite the press from home and abroad, take questions and a

27、nswer them. It usually uses consecutive interpretation, in which the interpreter listens to the speech, takes notes and interprets when the speaker has finished his speech or stops his speech for interpretation.</p>

28、;<p>　　2.2 Characteristics of Conference Interpreting</p><p>　　As this study mainly focuses on the interpreting of culture-rich expressions in Press Conferences, the characteristics of conference inte

29、rpreting is studied with Press Conferences as an example.</p><p>　　First, the Press Conferences interpreting is usually live on the TV, and the interpreter is the delegate of the speaker, who is speaking on

30、behalf of the country, so it has great political and social influences. Second, the Press Conference interpreting often covers a wide range of subjects. As press from all over the world would raise questions of all sorts

31、, including current status of domestic and foreign affairs, people's wellbeing, political and economic reforms, and sometimes sensitive issu</p><p>　　In Press Conferences, the interpreter can listen and

32、interpret at different times. When the speaker is speaking, the priority of the interpreter is to listen, grasp the main ideas and take notes. If they are not clear about what they have heard, they can ask the speaker to

33、 repeat. And they can focus on interpreting later when the speaker has stopped his speech. Compared with simultaneous interpretation, Press Conferences interpreting has several advantages. First, the interpreter can ask

34、the spe</p><p>　　2.3 Requirements for Interpreters</p><p>　　Daniel Gile, a world-renowned interpretation expert, has once said that interpreters are actors, who should convey the massages they h

35、ave received to the audience in an artistic way like actors did on the stage (Gile, 1995: 111-114). From this we can see that being an interpreter is no easy job. Just like not every one can become an actor, one should m

36、eet some requirements to be a qualified interpreter. Then what are the requirements? </p><p>　　First, an interpreter should have a good command of at least two languages, which is a prerequisite for interpre

37、tation. Second, logical thinking is essential for the interpreters, so they can give systematic and well-organized interpretations to the audience, who as a result can get a clear idea as to what the speaker has said. Th

38、ird, as the conference interpreting would often cover a wide range of subjects, it is obvious that the interpreter should have a good knowledge of various subjects, inc</p><p>　　Also, in field interpretation

39、, several principles should be observed by interpreters. As Roderick Jones (2009:4) has pointed out in Conference Interpreting Explained, the interpreter shouldn't deviate from the original message unless it helps th

40、e audience better understand the speaker's meaning; nor should the interpreter add information unless it helps bridge the cultural gaps. What's more, the interpreter should by no means add their opinions to that

41、of the speaker.</p><p>　　Chapter 3 Analysis of Culture-Rich Expressions and a General Introduction to Interpreting Strategies</p><p>　　This chapter mainly analyzes the culture-rich expressions,

42、including ancient Chinese poems and expressions with distinctive Chinese characteristics. Also, a general introduction to interpreting strategies is given in this chapter. </p><p>　　3.1 Analysis of Ancie

43、nt Chinese Poems</p><p>　　Ancient Chinese poems, with their exquisite choice of words and images and their unique beauty, occupy a significant place in Chinese culture. One can convey rich meaning with simpl

44、e and brief sentences, which make them very popular on diplomatic occasions, such as in Press Conferences. Also, the use of poems can enhance the beauty of the speech and make it more convincing and sincere to the audien

45、ce, a strong sense of emotion is thus expressed and a resonance in the audience can be achieved. </p><p>　　As we all know, Premier Wen Jiabao likes to quote poems in Press Conferences. To name just a few, wh

46、en talking about economic recovery, the Premier said,“山重水復疑無路，柳暗花明又一村?！? After encountering all kinds of difficulties and experiencing all kinds of hardships, at the end of the day we will see light at the end of the tun

47、nel.) “天變不足畏，祖宗不足法，人言不足恤”(One should not fear changes under the heaven and one should not blindly follow old conventions and one should not be deterred by complaints of others) was</p><p>　　When interpreting

48、 poems, the interpreter should conform to the principle of precision, smoothness and swiftness, and try to express the whole messages with brief sentences. Also, it helps if the interpreter learns more about poems and th

49、eir interpreting strategies.</p><p>　　3.2 Analysis of Words and Expressions with Chinese Characteristics</p><p>　　Of all the elements in a language, words are the basic ones. Some words are embe

50、dded with rich cultural meanings other than their inherent ones. And influenced by specific environments, social customs, value systems, religions, etc, these words can mean certain things that may be different in other

51、cultures. (Deng, 2008) Words and expressions with Chinese characteristics are used to describe things specific to Chinese culture. They include both heritages from the over 5000-year civilizations and</p><p>

52、;　　Among the expressions with Chinese characteristics, four-character phrases are very common. They usually contain four characters, with simple forms, precise meaning and coordinated rhythms. People tend to use several

53、four-character phrases in a row to enhance the emotional effects. Take Premier Wen Jiabao's Press Conferences as an example, the Premier used “和則兩利、斗則俱傷，互信則進、猜忌則退”(A peaceful China-US relationship makes both countrie

54、s winners while a confrontational one both losers. With mutual trus</p><p>　　In interpreting the words and expressions with Chinese characteristics, the interpreter should abide by two principles, to reflect

55、 the latest development of China and to take into consideration the ways of thinking of the foreign audience. At the same time, they should keep track of the corrections and renewals of the interpretations of culture-ric

56、h expressions so as to keep pace with the times.</p><p>　　3.3 The Importance of Good Interpretation of Cultural Elements </p><p>　　No language in the world can survive without a specific culture

57、, for all are engraved with cultural activities, which not only reveals a nation's natural environment, histories, social customs and traditions, but also demonstrates its religions, ways of thinking, and value syste

58、ms. We can say that language is a part of culture and culture is often ingrained in language. They complement each other and affect each other as well. As Wang Zuoliang has said，a translator has to master at least two la

59、n</p><p>　　There are many cultural elements, among which ancient Chinese poems and words and expressions with Chinese characteristics play vital roles. Using ancient Chinese poems can be of great help to exp

60、ress one's feelings, convince the audience, and show one's sincerity; good interpretation of them can not only express the speaker's original meaning, but also demonstrate the beauty of Chinese. Misinterpreta

61、tions, on the other hand, may confuse the audience, and make them at a loss as to what the speak</p><p>　　An exact and faithful interpretation of the expressions with Chinese characteristics can be of great

62、help for the foreigners to understand our national circumstances, state policies and principles, political and economic systems, and unique culture, and to see today’s China so as to further our exchanges and cooperation

63、s with other countries. </p><p>　　3.4 A General Introduction to Interpreting Strategies</p><p>　　Generally speaking, there are two interpreting strategies, foreignization and domestication.</

64、p><p>　　According to Nida's domestication theory, the translator should analyze the original messages, take into account the social and cultural situations of the target audience and put the target audience

65、 and the translated messages first in translating. Nida thinks that the expressions of the translated messages should be natural and that the target audience do not need to accept the cultural model of the original messa

66、ges in order to understand them. To put it briefly, domestication is the nationali</p><p>　　Venuti is a champion for foreignization. As he has said, foreignization is to accept the differences in languages a

67、nd cultures in the original messages and take the audience into foreign cultures. As the American and British culture has long been dominated by domestication theory, the so-called "smooth translation" by way o

68、f domestication is actually cultural imperialism which pays little respect to the cultures of the source languages. (Venuti, 1995:20-21) Foreignizing method aims to remain the</p><p>　　Both domestication and

69、 foreignization have their pros and cons. They are opposite to each other and can also complement each other. In practice, there are many things we have to take into consideration as to which method to take, such as the

70、type of interpretation, the characteristics of the source language and the target language, and the understanding capabilities of the audience. So there is no absolute use of domestication or foreignization. It is the us

71、e of them both that can often achieve </p><p>　　Chapter 4 Interpreting Strategies of Culture-Rich Expressions</p><p>　　In this chapter, the author discusses the coping strategies of interpretin

72、g Chinese culture-rich expressions into English. First, interpreting strategies of ancient Chinese poems are given, then the strategies of words and expressions with Chinese characteristics. Some strategies, such as lite

73、ral translation, liberal translation, substitute translation, translation via addition, literal translation plus explanation will be studied, and all the examples are taken from Premier Wen Jiabao's Press C</p>

74、<p>　　4.1 Interpreting Strategies of Ancient Chinese Poems</p><p>　　4.1.1 Literal translation</p><p>　　Literal translation is to try to retain the structure and whole meaning of the origi

75、nal messages in translating. Here are some examples:</p><p>　　Ex 1: Premier：安不忘危， 治不忘亂。(2004)</p><p>　　Interpreter: In security, we should never forget about the dangers. In times of peace, we s

76、hould always be alert of the potentials for chaos.</p><p>　　The interpreter used "in" twice to describe national states: security and peace. Also, "we should" is used twice to state th

77、e attitudes we should hold in these states. So the interpreted version has a parallel structure, same as the original expression</p><p>　　Ex 2: Premier Wen：民之所憂，我之所思；民之所思，我之所行。(2008)</p><p>　　In

78、terpreter: What people are concerned about is what preoccupies my mind and what preoccupies the minds of the people is what I need to address.</p><p>　　The original sentence consists of four four-character p

79、hrases, which is both precise, condensed and of symmetric structures and rhythms. It is not easy to stick to both form and meaning in interpretation. The interpreted version successfully extends the meaning with parallel

80、 structures. </p><p>　　Ex 3: Premier: 不畏浮云遮望眼，只緣身在最高層。(2010)</p><p>　　Interpreter：We have no fear of the clouds that may block our sight as we are already at the top of the height.</p>&l

81、t;p>　　Premier cited this poem to show his optimistic attitude towards the Sino-American relation. The interpreter used literal translation, which is easy to be understood by foreign audience. One highlight of the inte

82、rpretation is the consonance of "sight" and "light". </p><p>　　4.1.2 Liberal Translation</p><p>　　As big differences exist between ancient Chinese poems and modern languages

83、, some poems are hard to interpret with literal translation. In such cases, the interpreter can be free from the forms of the original messages and give the main idea in interpreting. Some examples are as follows:</p&

84、gt;<p>　　Ex 1: Premier：行事見于當時，是非公于后世。（2008）</p><p>　　Interpreter: What one does now will be fairly judged by history.</p><p>　　In interpreting, the interpreter restructured the sentence b

85、y interpreting the two clauses into one sentence so that the main idea becomes clearer to the audience.</p><p>　　Ex 2: Premier: 山重水復疑無路，柳暗花明又一村。（2009） Interpreter：After encountering all kinds of difficu

86、lties and experiencing all kinds of hardships, at the end of the day we will see light at the end of the tunnel. </p><p>　　Instead of interpreting the images literally, such as the mountains, rivers, roads,

87、willows and flowers, the interpreter adopted liberal translation and gave the general idea of the poem instead. As a result, the audiences do not have to deal with the images which may baffle them.</p><p>　　

88、Ex 3: Premier：畫是如此，人何以堪。(2010)</p><p>　　Interpreter：I cherish the same wish not only for the painting but also for people on both sides of the Straits.</p><p>　　When talking about the co-display

89、 of the painting of Funchunshan Mountain in Chinese mainland and Taiwan, the Premier used the expression above to express his wish for a reunified China. In interpreting, the interpreter grasped the in-depth meaning of t

90、he expression, so the audience has little trouble in understanding.</p><p>　　Ex 4: Premier: 我知道商簽協(xié)議時一個復雜的過程，但是正因為我們是兄弟，兄弟雖有小忿，不廢懿親， 問題總會可以解決的。（2010）</p><p>　　Interpreter：I understand that negoti

91、ation may be a complex process. But differences between brothers cannot server their blood ties.</p><p>　　The Premier cited this poem when talking about the signing of ECFA (Economic Cooperation Framework Ag

92、reement) between two sides of the Straits. In the original poem, “忿”means indignation. Considering the premier's affections for the compatriots in Taiwan and that the premier means the differences in economic scales

93、across the Straits, the interpreter adopted liberal translation, which is more appropriate.</p><p>　　Ex 5: Premier: 如將不盡，與古為新。（2011）</p><p>　　Interpreter: Only reform ensures continuous existenc

94、e and growth.</p><p>　　The poem's original meaning is that a poet, when writing poems, can constantly have new inspirations and conduct innovations based upon traditions. The Premier is stressing the imp

95、ortance of reform and innovation by this poem. Considering the premier's intent, the interpreter adopted liberal translation instead of literal translation, which is wiser and simpler in field interpretation.</p&g

96、t;<p>　　4.1.3 Translation via Addition</p><p>　　As we have often said, Chinese is like a tree, with little branches, while English is like bamboo, with lots of branches. Therefore, in Chinese-English

97、interpretation of poems, the interpreter sometimes needs to add subject, linking devices and other formal expressions so that the poems can be easily understood by foreign audience. Some examples are given:</p>&l

98、t;p>　　Ex 1: Premier: 天變不足畏，祖宗不足法，人言不足恤。(2008)</p><p>　　Interpreter: One should not fear changes under the heaven. One should not blindly follow old conventions. And one should not be deterred by complaint

99、s of others.</p><p>　　The interpreter used three "one should not" in the interpretation, so the interpreted version has parallel structures, the same structure as the original. Also, "one"