雅思學(xué)術(shù)類議論文結(jié)尾寫法新舊談

1、<p>　　雅思學(xué)術(shù)類議論文結(jié)尾寫法新舊談</p><p>　　朗閣海外考試研究中心</p><p>　　最近看了很多學(xué)生的作文，也結(jié)合了一些考官的作文，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)在傳統(tǒng)雅思議論文結(jié)尾中其實(shí)蘊(yùn)含了很多變化。在接下來(lái)的文章里，我將就這些新寫法做一小結(jié)，并對(duì)比它們和傳統(tǒng)寫法的區(qū)別：</p><p><b>　　傳統(tǒng)結(jié)尾三要素</b><

2、/p><p>　　想要了解新變化，我們必須先從傳統(tǒng)寫法說(shuō)起。傳統(tǒng)的議論文結(jié)尾一般包含了以下三個(gè)寫作要素，即：回顧觀點(diǎn)對(duì)立面；重申自己觀點(diǎn)或立場(chǎng)；展望或建議。第一個(gè)寫作要素的概念是對(duì)于主體段中的次論段的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行小結(jié)，既可以是全部論點(diǎn)的概括，也可以是將其中幾個(gè)主要分論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行列舉；而第二個(gè)寫作要素是整個(gè)結(jié)尾段的核心，即觀點(diǎn)的表達(dá)。若開(kāi)頭段并沒(méi)有表明立場(chǎng)，則必須在最后一段里提出；若開(kāi)頭段的主題句里已經(jīng)闡明了自己的主張，則結(jié)尾

3、段里需要變化一種方式重提即可；最后一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)寫作要素分為了二個(gè)方面，即前面的立場(chǎng)是持積極或肯定時(shí)，通過(guò)展望來(lái)深化全文的主題；但倘若前面的觀點(diǎn)是消極或否定時(shí)，則是通過(guò)提出建議來(lái)結(jié)束你的作文。說(shuō)到這里，有同學(xué)可能會(huì)有這樣的疑問(wèn)：若結(jié)尾采用中立方式，則該怎么寫？又若是遇到分析解決型的大作文，結(jié)尾是不是也是采用同樣的寫法？我的回答是：不論何種體裁的議論文，傳統(tǒng)的這三個(gè)要素的寫法都適合，只是在具體操作的時(shí)候略有不同。比如寫中立結(jié)尾的時(shí)候，由于你的觀

4、點(diǎn)沒(méi)有傾向性，則第一個(gè)寫作要素“回顧對(duì)立面”就可以“缺省”，而先把中立的立場(chǎng)表達(dá)出來(lái)，然后再進(jìn)行展望或建議，但由于觀點(diǎn)的中立性特點(diǎn)，所以一般在第三個(gè)要素的選擇</p><p>　　In short, despite the fact that the process of animal testing seems cruel and bloody, I still believe that it is imper

5、ative for medical research and operation techniques and that it will continue to benefit humans in more wonderful ways.</p><p>　　這是一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的、有傾向性結(jié)尾的例子，作者使用了一個(gè)復(fù)合句將三個(gè)寫作要素都包含在內(nèi)。值得一提的是由于他支持動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)，所以屬于“積極或肯定”的立場(chǎng)，所以在第三個(gè)

6、要素的選擇上使用了展望的寫法。</p><p>　　All in all, it is sometimes true that corporal punishment can be a useful way of discipline; I feel strongly that it should become the last choice for parents. If we want to build a

7、world with less violence, we must begin at home and teach our children to be more responsible.</p><p>　　在這個(gè)結(jié)尾段中，作者持反對(duì)的態(tài)度，所謂“l(fā)ast choice”, 事實(shí)上并不會(huì)選擇，而是一種反對(duì)的表達(dá)方式，這點(diǎn)考生可以學(xué)習(xí)下。由于觀點(diǎn)是屬于“消極或否定”，因此他最后采用了一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的方式來(lái)給出建

8、議，并且態(tài)度是比較“堅(jiān)決”的。</p><p>　　In summary, it is really difficult to say whether the advantages of international tourism have outnumbered the disadvantages. What we may have to consider is how to accept this trend

9、 as positive, while at the same time, staying away from its drawbacks.</p><p>　　這是一個(gè)中立的結(jié)尾，所以作者在第一句話中直接表達(dá)了沒(méi)有傾向的立場(chǎng)。值得一提的是中立也算是一種觀點(diǎn)。緊接著他就通過(guò)展望的方式表達(dá)了“興利除弊”的構(gòu)想。</p><p>　　To conclude, there is no absol

10、ute answer as to whether modern universities should adopt the liberal education or implement a more specialized education. It largely depends on the teaching resource each school can possess.</p><p>　　這個(gè)中立的結(jié)

11、尾采用了相似的思路，即首句就表達(dá)了中立的立場(chǎng)；而在展望部分，作者提出了一個(gè)建設(shè)性的條件，這樣的展望寫法也是很值得借鑒的。</p><p>　　All in all, the phenomenon of crime cannot be eliminated completely. Yet, if all the measures I have suggested here were taken, I am conv

12、inced that we would see some improvements.</p><p>　　這是一個(gè)分析解決型大作文的結(jié)尾，由于無(wú)法給出傾向性的立場(chǎng)，所以作者采用了寫其他二個(gè)要素的方式，但是在回顧的時(shí)候他先承認(rèn)了現(xiàn)狀無(wú)法改變的事實(shí)，然后再提出一些建設(shè)性的意見(jiàn)。所以這樣的寫法也是可以普遍被此類大作文采用的。</p><p>　　除了上述例子中我們學(xué)到的一些固定句式外，我們還可以

13、經(jīng)常使用以下這些句子來(lái)引導(dǎo)這些寫作思路：</p><p>　　It is true that to do…but…</p><p>　　But we can try our best to reduce the negative…</p><p>　　What we must do is to make sure…</p><p>　　The

14、refore, it is strongly suggested that…</p><p>　　(methods/steps/measures) should be taken to correct…</p><p>　　Both government and ordinary citizens should join hands to …</p><p>　　A

15、s a result, it is projected that…</p><p>　　My prediction about… is that…</p><p>　　Personally, I envision a future when…</p><p>　　To be sure, … will bring about profound changes in…&

16、lt;/p><p>　　Indeed, … are something we cannot afford to ignore…</p><p>　　新寫法中需要增加的寫作要素</p><p>　　在新的寫法中，我們可以增加的寫作元素包括：原因，條件等，換言之，在給出自己的觀點(diǎn)后，我們可以繼續(xù)通過(guò)其他方式來(lái)深化主題，從而達(dá)到更好的表達(dá)效果，為作文增光添彩。首先我們來(lái)看一個(gè)

17、例子：</p><p>　　Therefore, in spite of some opposition, I still feel that charging visitors abroad a higher fee should continue to be implemented in some developing countries, especially in those very poor nati

18、ons in Africa and Asia. Meanwhile, I wish the local governments would use the money sensibly to help the residents and protect their beautiful land and precious historical sites. Only by doing so will international touri

19、sm contribute to a win-win result.</p><p>　　這個(gè)結(jié)尾前面部分都采用了傳統(tǒng)的寫法，即回顧，提出觀點(diǎn)和展望。但是在最后一個(gè)句子里，作者增加了一個(gè)條件，采用了倒裝句的方式，這樣做的好處在于在展望的基礎(chǔ)上繼續(xù)深化了題干的主題，當(dāng)?shù)卣ㄟ^(guò)收取海外游客更高的費(fèi)用來(lái)促進(jìn)自身經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，這種做法作者是支持的，而最后這個(gè)條件的設(shè)定則延伸到了國(guó)際旅游的積極意義上。</p>

20、<p>　　Accordingly, I am in favor of the view that women should be given the equal rights to do whatever they like just as men and they should be allowed to join army, the navy, and the air force because they are rea

21、lly suited.</p><p>　　這個(gè)結(jié)尾的題目講的是女性是否應(yīng)該參軍或者加入警察隊(duì)伍。在結(jié)束部分，作者增加了一個(gè)原因，而這個(gè)原因其實(shí)并不需要在前面的主體段中提及，只是放在最后表達(dá)了作者個(gè)人的情感因素，從而增加文章的感情色彩，因此也不失為一個(gè)好的方法。</p><p>　　Striking a work-life balance isn't a one-shot deal

22、. Creating balance in our life is a continuous process. But balance doesn't mean doing everything. Therefore, we need to examine our priorities and set boundaries and be firm in what we can and cannot do. Only we can

23、 restore harmony to our lifestyle.</p><p>　　這是一個(gè)分析解決型的大作文的結(jié)尾，從劃線的二個(gè)句子來(lái)看，前者描述了為什么短期內(nèi)平衡工作和生活不是件容易的事情；而后者則給出了條件，即事在人為。從這個(gè)例子中，我們得到的啟發(fā)是將原因和條件這二個(gè)“新”元素和其他三個(gè)傳統(tǒng)要素相融合，不是機(jī)械式地按部就班，而是靈活地根據(jù)結(jié)尾原來(lái)設(shè)定好的意思穿插在其中。這樣使得表達(dá)效果就更好了。<

24、;/p><p>　　Tobacco should be made illegal, I agree with this idea personally. I hope most drugs can be made illegal, because, as far as I know, they are bad to our health. However, currently most countries still

25、 keep it free to use tobacco, and this situation seems to be very hard to change in a short time.</p><p>　　同樣的方法可以從這個(gè)結(jié)尾段中看到，作者在表達(dá)自己的立場(chǎng)后馬上給出了一個(gè)原因，而這個(gè)原因不是之前提到過(guò)的，而是帶有作者自己明顯的感情色彩。因此，我們一開(kāi)始在結(jié)尾段中增加原因這個(gè)要素時(shí)，可先從觀點(diǎn)句后寫起

26、。慢慢再進(jìn)行順序的變化。</p><p>　　Certainly, medical care and education both play dominant roles, but building theaters and sports stadiums will benefit not only the individual both mentally and physically, but a nation

27、 and continent permanently because they lead to a healthy lifestyle both mentally and physically.</p><p>　　這個(gè)結(jié)尾段將觀點(diǎn)和展望結(jié)合在了一個(gè)句子里面，作者通過(guò)最后一句原因的描述，很好地補(bǔ)充了政府投資體育設(shè)施和藝術(shù)文化設(shè)施的深遠(yuǎn)影響，從而深化了主題。</p><p>　　通過(guò)上述幾個(gè)

28、簡(jiǎn)單的例子，我們已經(jīng)對(duì)于新寫法有了一個(gè)比較全面的認(rèn)識(shí)，在實(shí)施這套寫法時(shí)，首先我們需要用傳統(tǒng)的三個(gè)寫作要素去構(gòu)思結(jié)尾的整個(gè)意思，然后將原因和條件各選一個(gè)意思插入結(jié)尾段的整個(gè)意思中去，這時(shí)候，原來(lái)的三個(gè)要素中，我們可能需要去掉一二個(gè)，比如去掉回顧觀點(diǎn)對(duì)立面的部分或者去掉展望或建議，也可以保留傳統(tǒng)的三個(gè)要素?？傊?，在寫的時(shí)候需要多花1-2分鐘整體構(gòu)思下結(jié)尾的意思，方可動(dòng)筆寫。</p><p>　　In conclusi

29、on, real public museums will never be replaced by the Internet, as computer technology is just a supplementary mean to cope museums offer better services to the public.</p><p>　　In most societies, people wit

30、h competitive spirit are more determined to do more and achieve more while businesses are obliged to learn to become increasingly efficient. Thus, competition is really an essential power to move society ahead, as if by

31、an invisible hand. This is because ultimately, competition is good as it sets goals for people and fills the social environment with excitement.</p><p>　　After all, greed being a human instinct, consumers ha

32、ve only themselves to blame for their foolishness toward advertisements. Since outlawing commercial advertising is out of the question, people should educate themselves to be more prudent in buying and spending behaviors

33、. As for consumers, what better measures can be taken to protect themselves other than self-control?</p><p>　　The point is that sending criminals to prison is effective, if only by moving them away from the

34、community. On the other hand, to regard prison education as an effective "punishment" is simply wishful-thinking, in view of relevant evidence that underlies recidivism. In all events, education provides opport

35、unities, however limited, but it depends on the way those repeat offenders see these opportunities, the rest being pure guessing.</p><p>　　It becomes clear that governments should not only provide funding fo

36、r scientific research but also support experimental development for "non-scientific" research, since both kinds of research are essential to society in progress. Accordingly, it is always good to remember that

37、research for physics, chemistry and biology carries more weight and usually deserves more public money; nevertheless, it is also important not to forget research for less useful subjects.</p><p>　　朗閣托福易信二維碼關(guān)