英語(yǔ)論文abstract

1、Abstract,,,Abstract TypeAbstract StructureSuggestion for Writing Abstract,Descriptive Abstract Only basic content of the paper, not enough detail informationInformative AbstractA condensed report of the paper.Key p

2、oints and most important detail information of the paper.Descriptive + Informative AbstractMost abstracts are both descriptive and informative.,Abstract Type,Descriptive AbstractPros: Short, Concise, Easy to writeCon

3、s: Less informationInformative AbstractPros: More informationCons: Long, Difficult to writeDescriptive + Informative AbstractNotice the balance between concision and details.,,Paper oriented abstractFocus on ‘paper

4、’Research oriented abstractFocus on ‘research’,1.Background2.Problem3.Objective4.Method5.Finding or Results6.Conclusion or Inference (Evaluation)7.Recommendation8.Paper structure,Abstract Structure,1.Background:

5、Not necessary, especially in short abstract.Present tense in most case.Present perfect tense for research trend.E.g. …h(huán)as been the universal choice to analyze …,2.Problem:General problemSpecific problemPresent ten

6、se in most case.,3.Objective:Purpose, aim, objective(1) Paper oriented ( present tense )When analyze some problem, propose new demonstration, method or technology.E.g.The paper presents/proposes a …The purpose of

7、 the paper is …In this paper, we provide/discuss/focus on …words: paper, report, thesis, dissertation,(2) Research oriented ( past tense )When propose results of experiments or investigations.E.g.The objective of

8、this research/experiment was to …The aim of this study was …In this study, … was studied/examined/investigated to…Words:study, research, investigation, experiment…,4.MethodPast tense for experiment procedure or meth

9、od.Present tense for mathematic model, algorithm or analysis method/technology.,Problem + Objective in a long sentencesMain clause for problem, phrases for objective.E.g.… (problems) must be solved to get (objective

10、)…Main clause for objective, phrases for problems.E.g.The paper presents/proposes a … (objective) to solve (problems)…… (objective) was studied to solve (problems)…Verb tense fits in with the above rules.,Objective

11、 + Method in a long sentencesMain clause for objective, phrases for methods.E.g.… (objective) is evaluated by means of (methods)…Main clause for methods, phrases for objective. E.g.… (methods) were performed to (ob

12、jective)…… (methods) is adopted to (objective)…Verb tense fits in with the above rules.,5.Finding or ResultsData, phenomenaPast tense in most cases.E.g.The properties of hot water dried products were very sensiti

13、ve to process temperature.The plant’s thermal efficiency was increased from 17.6% to 21.3%.Present tense when the results are very common phenomena, not for particular cases.,6.Conclusion or InferencePresent tense in

14、 most cases.Words:In conclusion, in generalSuggest, showmay, should, couldE.g.The results suggest that … may effect ….Present tense for literature review paper.E.g.This paper reviews …,Special Abstract (Expert)

15、Focus on the description of result of the research.Omit the description of research objective, method/theory, experiment.Provide paper structure. (sometimes),1. Appropriate lengthShort and concise.About 1/5 of paper

16、 length. (just suggestion)One paragraph. (maybe two or three)No abbreviation.Avoid very difficult term.,Suggestion for Writing Abstract,,2. No same sentences as those in paper.Change the sentence structure when expre

17、ssing same idea.,,3. Avoid specific data.Describe research work with descriptive sentences.If necessary, provide some key data.,,4. Write abstract after finishing main content.Read the main content;Find key sentences

18、 and key points;Organize them in a concise way without repeated sentences in the main content of the paper.,,5. Be careful for writing abstract of called paper.Write before main content.Keep the consistency with main