漢譯英的語態(tài)變換

1、翻譯理論與實(shí)踐,漢譯英語態(tài)的變換 (The change of voice),漢譯英的語態(tài)變換:,1．教學(xué)目的和要求了解漢語被動(dòng)態(tài)的表達(dá)手段，掌握漢英被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的差異。2．教學(xué)內(nèi)容 1）漢語被動(dòng)語態(tài)的兩種表達(dá)方式 2）漢英被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的差異 3）漢語主動(dòng)句的翻譯 4）漢語被動(dòng)句的翻譯3．教學(xué)重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)漢英被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的差異及語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。,請(qǐng)翻譯以下句子：,1. Some books are

2、 to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.2. The commission of certain acts such as armed attack, naval blockades was considered as a form of aggression.3. 我們的政策不光要使領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者知道，干部知道，還要使廣大的

3、群眾知道。4. 這個(gè)問題很難解決。,1. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 有的書只須淺嘗，有的可以吞食，只有少數(shù)則須咀嚼消化。書有可淺嘗者，有可吞食者，少數(shù)則須咀嚼消化。（王佐良）2. The commission of certain acts such as armed a

4、ttack, naval blockades was considered as a form of aggression.從事諸如武裝進(jìn)攻，海上封鎖之類的行為，被認(rèn)為是一種侵略。,3. 我們的政策不光要使領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者知道，干部知道，還要使廣大的群眾知道。Our policy must be made known not only to the leaders and to the cadres but also to the masse

5、s. 4. 這個(gè)問題很難解決。The problem is difficult to solve.It is difficult to solve the problem.To solve the problem is difficult. The problem is difficult to be solved. （這種句式里的不定式一般不用被動(dòng)形式）,請(qǐng)翻譯以下句子：,5. 剛才有人在這里講了一些不該講的話。6. 關(guān)

6、于這個(gè)問題，已經(jīng)說得很多了。7. 在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中，不是你擊敗他，就是他擊敗你。8. 他出現(xiàn)在臺(tái)上，觀眾報(bào)以熱烈的掌聲。,5. 剛才有人在這里講了一些不該講的話。Some things were said here just now which should not have been said.6. 關(guān)于這個(gè)問題，已經(jīng)說得很多了。Much has been said on this question.,7. 在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中，不是你擊敗他，

7、就是他擊敗你。In competition, either you may defeat him or may be defeated.In competition, it’s possible for you to beat him or vice versa.8. 他出現(xiàn)在臺(tái)上，觀眾報(bào)以熱烈的掌聲。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audienc

8、e.,漢英被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的差異：,英、漢都有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)之分，但是對(duì)于兩種語態(tài)的運(yùn)用卻不盡相同。一般來說，英語里運(yùn)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的頻率明顯高于漢語。從句法角度看，英語重形合，注重句法結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)形式。當(dāng)主動(dòng)式不便于表達(dá)時(shí)，出于造句的需要或修辭的考慮，往往采用被動(dòng)式。此外，從文體的角度看，某些文體較多使用被動(dòng)句，以迎合其表達(dá)的需要。,漢英被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的差異：,這類信息性的文體主要指科技文體、新聞文體、公文文體及論述文體。科技論文注重事理和活

9、動(dòng)的客觀敘述，力戒作者的主觀臆斷，因而常常避免提及施事。新聞報(bào)道注重口氣客觀、間接，敘事翔實(shí)，施事往往難以言明，也不宜言明。公文則注重?cái)⑹龉o私，口氣客觀、正式。英語有過分使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的傾向。正式文體尤其如此。,漢英被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的差異：,有人統(tǒng)計(jì)了奧斯汀的小說《傲慢與偏見》開頭三十頁中竟有135個(gè)被動(dòng)句。還有統(tǒng)計(jì)，在科技文體中，被動(dòng)句的使用頻率比其他文體要大4倍。漢語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)用得少。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在《水滸》中，一回中只發(fā)現(xiàn)“被”字二

10、三處；而在《紅樓夢(mèng)》中，則二三十回中，才見一處。“五四”運(yùn)動(dòng)前，“被”往往與對(duì)動(dòng)作承受者有不利影響的動(dòng)詞連用，如“被迫害”， “被腐蝕”等。但由于外來語的影響，漢語中“被”字的使用才趨向增加。,漢英被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的差異：,盡管英語的被動(dòng)意義有時(shí)可以不用被動(dòng)式來表達(dá)，但總的說來，英語常用結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)式，少用意義被動(dòng)式。與此相反，漢語則常用意義被動(dòng)式，少用結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)式。這一差異主要是因?yàn)椋翰幌胝f出、不必或無法說出施動(dòng)者時(shí)，漢語可采用無主句或主語省

11、略句來保持句子的主動(dòng)形式。英語注重句子結(jié)構(gòu)齊整，句中不能沒有主語，只好采用被動(dòng)式或其他句式，以便于把施動(dòng)者省略或隱含起來。,漢英被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的差異：,英、漢中都有一些句子從語法結(jié)構(gòu)上看是主動(dòng)句，而從邏輯意義上看, 主語卻是謂語動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作的承受者，我們稱之為意義被動(dòng)句(notional passive sentences)。但是英語中能用于意義被動(dòng)句作謂語的及物動(dòng)詞比漢語要少得多。例如：這些書賣不掉?！鶷he book don’t

12、 sell. 那支筆好寫?！鶷he pen writes easily.困難克服了?！鶷he difficulties have been overcome.魚捉住了。→The fish was caught.,漢英被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的差異：,如：要制造飛機(jī)，就必須仔細(xì)考慮空氣阻力問題。Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to

13、 be manufactured. 為什么總把這些麻煩事推給我呢？Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?,漢語被動(dòng)語態(tài)的表達(dá)方式：,英語語法上的被動(dòng)句由系動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，即“be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”。漢語的動(dòng)詞無詞形變化，因此被動(dòng)句無一定的語法形式，只是靠介詞或助詞“被”等詞來構(gòu)成，因而在漢語中哪些句型是被動(dòng)句，顯得含糊不清。漢語的被動(dòng)句分為兩種，即有

14、形式標(biāo)志的被動(dòng)句和無形式標(biāo)志的被動(dòng)句。,漢語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：,有形式標(biāo)記的被動(dòng)句指句中有以下詞匯標(biāo)示的句子：“被、受、遭、給、挨、叫、讓、使、加以、予以、為…所、是…的、在…中” 等。無形式標(biāo)記的被動(dòng)句是指漢語中那些以“受事主語+謂語”的句子，其形式是主動(dòng)的，但意義是被動(dòng)的。,漢英被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的差異：,英語除謂語動(dòng)詞用形態(tài)的變化表示被動(dòng)外, 也可利用詞匯本身來表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。（主要有名詞、介詞短語和形容詞）名詞：他的（被）提升→ hi

15、s promotion他的（被）解雇 →his discharge他的（被）提名 →his nomination介詞短語：受罰 →on penalty受冷落 →on the shelve / out in the cold受…的影響→ under the influence of受到批判 → under criticism,漢英被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的差異：,形容詞：受歡迎 →be welcome受…制約的 →be subjec

16、ted to受…剝奪的 →be deprived of另外，動(dòng)名詞和不定式的主動(dòng)式有時(shí)也含有被動(dòng)含義。動(dòng)名詞(v-ing)在某些 動(dòng)詞 (need, want, require，deserve, be worth)后作賓語=to be V-ed。在 easy, difficult, impossible, hard, safe 等形容詞后，動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)式體現(xiàn)出被動(dòng)意義。,漢英被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的差異：,例如：有一個(gè)小孩需

17、要照顧。There is a child who needs looking after.所有的汽車都需要定期檢修。All cars require servicing regularly.這些墻都該粉刷了。The walls need whitewashing.這夾克很容易洗。The jacket is easy to wash.這個(gè)錢不可能省。The money is impossible to save.,漢英被

18、動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的差異：,漢語常用主動(dòng)，英語多用被動(dòng)。如：我準(zhǔn)是又上當(dāng)了。I must have been cheated again.他得了重感冒。He was hard hit by the flu. 中國的規(guī)矩是向上級(jí)介紹下級(jí)。A Chinese rule is that the inferior is introduced to the superior.,考一考：,1. 這臺(tái)電腦該檢修了。This computer w

19、ants fixing. 2. 他談及的那個(gè)問題值得仔細(xì)研究。The problem he spoke of deserves studying with great care.3. 這臺(tái)機(jī)器操作起來很安全。The machine is very safe to operate. 4. 這篇論文總算寫完了。This paper has been finished at last. 5. 這種食物不好消化。The food

20、 won’t digest well.6. 大米主要產(chǎn)于南方。Rice is chiefly grown in the south.,漢語主動(dòng)句的翻譯：,漢語多主動(dòng)態(tài)，英語多被動(dòng)態(tài)。所以，英譯時(shí)，除了譯成英語的主動(dòng)句外，漢語的主動(dòng)句在一些情況下要轉(zhuǎn)譯成英語的被動(dòng)句： 1）為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。2）漢語的無主句?？赊D(zhuǎn)譯為被動(dòng)句。3）便于上下文的連貫、銜接。4）漢語中一些習(xí)慣用語。 5）漢語中泛指人稱代詞或名詞作主語的 句

21、子。6）為了使措辭得當(dāng)、語氣委婉。,1）為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。英語里常常運(yùn)用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)把動(dòng)作的承受者作為句子的主語，來突出它的地位，強(qiáng)調(diào)它的重要性。由于這個(gè)原因，漢譯英時(shí)，往往將漢語的主動(dòng)句變換為英語的被動(dòng)句，把原文的賓語變成譯文的主語。如：我國各族人民每年都要熱烈慶祝十月一日的國慶節(jié)。National Day is enthusiastically celebrated on Oct. 1 by the Chinese peopl

22、e of all nationalities every year.,再如：中美已經(jīng)建立了外交關(guān)系。Diplomatic relation has been established between China and the United States of America.一群人立刻把他圍住了，向他提出一個(gè)又一個(gè)的問題。Very soon he was surrounded by a crowd and was snowed

23、under with questions.,2）漢語的無主句?？赊D(zhuǎn)譯為被動(dòng)句。英語語法通則要求每一個(gè)句子有一個(gè)主語，沒有主語是例外。漢語語法通則是凡主語顯然可知時(shí)以不用為常。所謂顯然可知多指主語是“我，我們”或“你，你們”，在語境中能暗示或說話雙方能意會(huì)時(shí)，就不必說出。這種漢語無主句一般表示客觀事實(shí)，不帶個(gè)人感情色彩，英譯時(shí)常可轉(zhuǎn)譯為被動(dòng)句。,例如：最后達(dá)成了協(xié)議。At last an agreement was arrived

24、at. 后來再也沒提這件事。The matter was never mentioned again. 明年將出版更多的書籍。A greater number of new books will be published next year.中國在四千年前發(fā)明了指南針。The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.,3）便于上下文的連貫、銜接。英語中，常

25、常為了上下文的連貫性，使句子前后分句的主語保持一致而運(yùn)用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。為此目的，在漢譯英時(shí)也常將漢語的主動(dòng)句改譯為英語的被動(dòng)句。例如：他出現(xiàn)在臺(tái)上，觀眾報(bào)以熱烈的鼓掌。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.口試時(shí)，問了十個(gè)問題，她全答對(duì)了。She was asked ten questions in the oral exam and an

26、swered every one of them correctly.,4）漢語中一些習(xí)慣用語。漢語中一些習(xí)慣用語，如“據(jù)說，據(jù)查，據(jù)了解，據(jù)悉，應(yīng)該說，必須指出，已經(jīng)證明”等，這類習(xí)慣用語英譯時(shí)，常譯成以“it”作形式主語的被動(dòng)句。據(jù)了解，該地區(qū)有豐富的自然資源。It is known that there are plenty of natural resources in that area.That area is kn

27、own to be rich in natural resources.,再如：據(jù)謠傳，那場(chǎng)事故是由于玩忽職守而造成的。It is rumored that the accident was due to negligence.很明顯，這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃應(yīng)該取消。It is obvious that the plan should be scrapped. 可以有把握地說，會(huì)議會(huì)如期召開的。It may be safely said

28、that the meeting will be held on schedule.,5）泛指人稱代詞或名詞作主語的句子。漢語中泛指人稱代詞或名詞，如“我們，你們，人們，有人，大家”等作主語的句子中，要著重強(qiáng)調(diào)的是賓語，而不是主語。這類句子英譯時(shí)常用被動(dòng)句式。例如：我們經(jīng)常提到你。You are often spoken about. 大家認(rèn)為李先生是位好老師。Mr. Li is considered to be a good

29、 teacher.,練一練：1. 人人都應(yīng)該遵守交通規(guī)則。The traffic regulations ought to be obeyed by everyone.2. 大家認(rèn)為這個(gè)講座對(duì)初學(xué)者來說很重要。The lecture is considered very important for beginners.3. 在記者招待會(huì)上，人們問了他許多問題。He was asked a lot of questions a

30、t the press conference.,6）為了使措辭得當(dāng)、語氣委婉。 英語常出于禮貌上的考慮，不說出主事者，尤其是第一人稱，因而采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。漢譯英時(shí)也往往將漢語的主動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)譯成英語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，多見于講話、通知、請(qǐng)?zhí)?。例如：?qǐng)你給我們表演一個(gè)節(jié)目。You are requested to give a performance.,再如：請(qǐng)不要在此處抽煙。You are not supposed to smoke in

31、 here.來賓請(qǐng)出示入場(chǎng)券。Visitors are requested to show their tickets.今天晚上七點(diǎn)鐘開教學(xué)會(huì)，全體教師務(wù)必參加。There will be a Teaching Symposium at 7:00 p.m. today. All the faculty is expected to attend.,漢語被動(dòng)句的翻譯：,有形式標(biāo)記的漢語被動(dòng)句通常翻譯成英語的被動(dòng)句。有形式標(biāo)記的被

32、動(dòng)句指句中有以下詞匯標(biāo)示的句子：“被、受、遭、給、挨、叫、讓、加以予以、為…所、是…的、在…中”等。這類句子，一般表示較強(qiáng)的被動(dòng)意義，著重于被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。如：海外華僑現(xiàn)在不再被人輕視了。Overseas Chinese are no longer looked down upon.,再如：他被選為學(xué)生會(huì)主席。He was elected Chairman of the Students’ Union.他深受大家的尊敬。She

33、is greatly respected by everyone.他遭到了鄰居們的嘲笑。He was laughed at by his neighbours.這組織已給不良分子破壞了。The organization has been destroyed by undesirable elements.,再如：他的一位朋友被匪徒所殺害。One of his friends was killed by bandits. 這

34、個(gè)問題必須以適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞接枰蕴幚?。The problem must be dealt with by appropriate means.那孩子給打得青一塊紫一塊。The boy was beaten black and blue.對(duì)這些問題要加以研究。The problems must be examined.,有形式標(biāo)記的漢語被動(dòng)句通常翻譯成英語的被動(dòng)句。但是，還必須指出，并不是所有帶被動(dòng)標(biāo)記的句子都一定要譯成英語的被動(dòng)式

35、。有時(shí)也有例外。必須首先考慮所選的英語動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)、習(xí)慣用法以及上下文關(guān)系等，然后再?zèng)Q定用什么語態(tài)。如:老太太被風(fēng)吹病了。The old lady was blown sick by the wind. （ⅹ）The old lady fell ill because of the draught.（√）,漢語被動(dòng)句的翻譯：,無形式標(biāo)記的被動(dòng)句是指漢語中那些以“受事主語+謂語”的句子，其形式是主動(dòng)的，但意義是被動(dòng)的。這類句子英譯時(shí)通

36、常也要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)來處理。如：杯子打破了。The glass was broken.工作已經(jīng)完成了。The job has already been finished.,再如：一點(diǎn)聲音也聽不到。Not a sound was heard. 這座橋?qū)⒃诮衲昴甑捉ǔ?。The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.這個(gè)問題正在研

37、究。The problem is now being studied.有些問題還需要澄清。Certain questions have yet to be clarified.,不過，漢語中“…正在考慮/研究/建設(shè)”等說法，不是絕對(duì)要用英語被動(dòng)式來處理。還可用另一種譯法，即be under examination / consideration / construction.所以上例也可以譯成：The problem is no

38、w under consideration. 至于例句：“有些問題還需要澄清?！敝械摹靶枰保部筛挠胣eed來譯，全句可譯為：Certain questions need clarifying.,練一練：,1. 歷史是人民創(chuàng)造的。2. 這部電影明天還要放映。3. 那部科幻小說是我的一個(gè)朋友譯成中文的。4. 傷員需要有人照顧。5. 翻譯技巧應(yīng)予以足夠的重視。,1. 歷史是人民創(chuàng)造的。History is made by th

39、e people.2. 這部電影明天還要放映。The movie will be shown again tomorrow. 3. 那部科幻小說是我的一個(gè)朋友譯成中文的。The science fiction has been translated into Chinese by a friend of mine.4. 傷員需要有人照顧。The wounded (soldiers) need looking after. (

40、attending to) 5. 翻譯技巧應(yīng)予以足夠的重視。The translation techniques should be paid enough attention to.,練一練：,6.新建的大樓在這一地區(qū)隨處可見。7.希望你有機(jī)會(huì)來中國訪問。8.病人正在手術(shù)中。9. 這個(gè)問題必須在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候以適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞接枰蕴幚怼?6.新建的大樓在這一地區(qū)隨處可見。New buildings can be seen every

41、where in this area.7. 希望你有機(jī)會(huì)來中國訪問。It is hoped that you will have a chance to visit China. 8. 病人正在手術(shù)中。The patient is being operated on.9. 這個(gè)問題必須在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候以適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞接枰蕴幚?。The problem must be dealt with by appropriate means at

42、 an appropriate time.,練一練：,10. 該計(jì)劃將由一個(gè)特別委員會(huì)加以審查。11. 必須使每個(gè)學(xué)生懂得，只有刻苦學(xué)習(xí)，才能掌握英語。12. 如果不按時(shí)將書歸還圖書館或到期前不續(xù)借，就得按規(guī)定罰款。13. 因此，應(yīng)該限制孩子們上網(wǎng)的時(shí)間和瀏覽的內(nèi)容。,10. 該計(jì)劃將由一個(gè)特別委員會(huì)加以審查。The plan will be examined by a special committee.11. 必須使每個(gè)學(xué)

43、生懂得，只有刻苦學(xué)習(xí)，才能掌握英語。Every student must be helped to understand that only by painstaking study can he master English.,12. 如果不按時(shí)將書歸還圖書館或到期前不續(xù)借，就得按規(guī)定罰款。If books are not returned to the library on time or not renewed before