《教育本質(zhì)》ppt課件

1、Chapter two: Educational essence,第二章 教育本質(zhì),Courseware in teacher education college,Content,Unit one: educational essence(教育的本質(zhì))Unit two: educational main features(教育的基本特點(diǎn))Unit three: educational factors(教育的結(jié)構(gòu))Questio

2、ns,Courseware in teacher education college,Teaching purposes,1. understanding educational essence, main character. 2. understanding the relations between education and self-education. 3. understanding the educat

3、ional factors and its relations.,Courseware in teacher education college,Key words,Education（教育）Self-education（自我教育）Educator（教育者）The educated（受教育者）Teacher（教師）Student（學(xué)生）Teacher-student relationship（師生關(guān)系）Educationa

4、l content（教育內(nèi)容）Educational method（教育方法）,Courseware in teacher education college,Unit one: educational essence,第一節(jié)教育的本質(zhì),Courseware in teacher education college,Case one:教育專業(yè)人員與非專業(yè)人員的教育行為差異,一個孩子的母親因孩子把她剛買回來的金表當(dāng)成新鮮的玩具給弄壞了

5、，就狠狠地揍了孩子一頓，并把這件事告訴了孩子的老師。老師幽默地說：“恐怕一個中國的愛迪生被你槍斃了?！边@個母親迷惑不解，老師對她說：“孩子的這種行為是創(chuàng)造力的一種表現(xiàn)，你不該打孩子，要解放孩子，讓他從小有動手的機(jī)會?！薄澳俏椰F(xiàn)在該怎么辦？”這個母親聽了老師的話后悔不迭。“補(bǔ)救的辦法是有的，你可以和孩子一起把金表送到金表鋪，讓孩子站在一旁看鐘表匠如何修理。這樣鐘表鋪成了課堂，修表匠成了先生，令郎成了學(xué)生，修理費(fèi)成了學(xué)費(fèi)，孩子的好奇

6、心就得到了滿足，說不定他還學(xué)會了修理呢?！?Courseware in teacher education college,Part one: what is education?,1. education in daily life(日常生活中“教育”)1.1 作為一種思想轉(zhuǎn)變過程的“教育”；1.2 作為一種影響兒童成長方法的“教育”；1.3 作為一種特殊社會制度的“教育”。,Courseware in teacher educ

7、ation college,,2. the derivative meaning(教育的詞源義)2.1．Chinese: education is to make a person virtuous and good(善良), such as the ethic characteristics(倫理) including the grace and nobleness(高尚), selflessness(無私), happiness(

8、幸福,快樂). 教育二字連用成詞，最初見于《孟子·盡心上》，“得天下英才而教育之，三樂也”； 《說文解字》，“教，上所施，下所效也”； 《禮記·學(xué)記》中提出，“教也者，長善而救其失者也”； 《禮記·中庸》，“天命之謂性，率性之謂道，修道之謂教”； 《荀子·修身》，“以善先人者謂之教”。林語堂先生曾經(jīng)從教字的演變來說明孝與教的關(guān)系，他說：教字，也是從孝演變而來

9、的。即‘孝’字加一表示使役的偏旁“攵”，意思是“使……孝?！笨梢?，傳統(tǒng)教是以孝作為主要內(nèi)容的。,Courseware in teacher education college,在甲骨文之中,“教”和“學(xué)”是相通的。 “教”字的小篆體如左，象征著由教育者用執(zhí)教鞭，向受教育者傳授知識 “爻 “之意,,,,“育”如左，意為對受教育者的本身施加影響，改其不善為善之意。,Courseware in teacher education colleg

10、e,,2.2．Western language: education means guidance(引導(dǎo)) that gives correct direction to young man 教育一詞，英文是 “education”，法文為“éducation”，德文為“eriehung”，皆由拉丁文名詞“educare”演變而來 “educare”出于verb(動詞) “educěre”，其“e”在拉

11、丁文中有“出”，“ducěre”為“引”，“educěre”即educe or draw forth(“引出”)之意，education is to promote the student to develop all-scalely by introductory method(教育要用引導(dǎo)的方法，來發(fā)展學(xué)生的身心).,Courseware in teacher education college,,Enlightenment: e

12、ducation ought to make the individual goodness(善), which content includes not only knowledge, but also moral education and physical education; which methods are heuristic(啟發(fā)式的) and not compulsory（強(qiáng)迫式的）啟示：教育目的重在使人為善，教育內(nèi)容

13、不限于知識并且包括德育和體育；教育方法注重啟發(fā)誘導(dǎo)，而非強(qiáng)迫注入，注意人格感化，而非強(qiáng)迫學(xué)生服從。,Courseware in teacher education college,,3. “education” in reference book(工具書) 3.1 in a broad or narrow sense(從廣義與狹義兩個維度理解教育) 《Chinese educational dictionary》 (中國教育辭典

14、)（1928）：教育有廣義、狹義兩種，從廣義言，凡足以影響人類身心之種種活動，俱可稱為教育；就狹義而言，則唯用一定方法以實(shí)現(xiàn)一定之改善目的者，始可稱為教育。 《educational dictionaries》 (教育大辭書)（1930）：廣而言之，凡足感化身心之影響，俱得云教育，只稱其結(jié)果，不計其方法；狹而言之，則惟具有目的、出以一定方案者，始云教育。又包括學(xué)校教育（即對象及限期有定，功效明確）和社會教育（反之）。,Cours

15、eware in teacher education college,,《Chinese Encyclopedia: education》 (中國大百科全書·教育)（1985；同《教育大辭典》，1999）：“從廣義上說，凡是增進(jìn)人們的知識和技能、影響人們的思想品德的活動，都是教育；”“狹義的教育，主要指學(xué)校教育，它是教育者根據(jù)一定社會或階級的要求，有目的、有計劃、有組織地對受教育者的身心施加影響，把它們培養(yǎng)成為一定社會（階級）

16、所需要的人的活動；”“教育有時還指思想品德教育?！?Courseware in teacher education college,,3.2 in a broad sense(從廣義上理解教育)《Chinese educational Encyclopedia 》 (中國教育百科全書)：“廣義的教育是指一切增進(jìn)人們的知識、技能，影響人們的思想，增強(qiáng)人們的體質(zhì)的活動?！?《 America Encyclopedia 》(美利堅百科全

17、書)：從最廣泛的意義說來，教育就是個人獲得知識或見解的過程，就是個人的觀點(diǎn)或技藝得到提高的過程。,Courseware in teacher education college,,Enlightenment: educational definition ought to include connotation(內(nèi)涵）and extension(外延). Usually consider that education is a

18、activity of designedly and purposefully cultivating person and human. But educational connotation will be changeable and abundant with educational development and cognitive ability.,Courseware in teacher education colleg

19、e,Part two: confining the concept of education,分析教育哲學(xué)的代表人物謝弗勒（I. Scheffler）在《教育的語言》（the language of education）一書中曾把教育的定義區(qū)分prescriptive(規(guī)定性即作者自己所下的定義，教育一詞是什么意思）， descriptive(描述性即適當(dāng)對術(shù)語或者使用該術(shù)語的方法進(jìn)行界說，即教育實(shí)際是什么）and programmat

20、ic(綱領(lǐng)性即教育應(yīng)該是什么）definition,Courseware in teacher education college,,1.prescriptive definition(規(guī)定性定義) 規(guī)定性定義是“創(chuàng)制的”定義．就是作者自己所下的定義，要這個被界說的術(shù)語在后面的討論中，始終表示這種規(guī)定的意義。也就是說，“不管其他人所用的‘教育’一詞是什么意思，我所用的‘教育’一詞就是這個意思”。 例如：《說文解字》：“教

21、，上所施，下所效也，育，養(yǎng)子使作善也”。 夸美紐斯：“教育是生活的預(yù)備”。 杜威：教育即生活、教育即生長、學(xué)校即社會。 涂爾干：教育就是系統(tǒng)地將年輕一代社會化,Courseware in teacher education college,,2. descriptive definition(描述性定義) 描述性定義不是“我將用這個術(shù)語表示什么”的一類主張，而是適當(dāng)?shù)貙πg(shù)語或者使用該術(shù)語的方法進(jìn)行界說。在詞

22、典上，一般見到的大多是描述性定義的羅列。由于有的詞在不同的語境中有不同的用法，也就有著多種描述性的含義．所以，像教育這樣的詞，在詞典中往往有若干種定義就不足為奇了。我們通常所見到的廣義的教育是指“有目的地培養(yǎng)人（塑造人）的社會活動”；狹義的教育是指“有目的、有計劃、有組織地培養(yǎng)人的社會活動”，實(shí)際上就是關(guān)于教育的描述性定義。在這些界定中．狹義的教育往往就是“學(xué)校教育”或“正規(guī)教育”的代名詞。描述性定義回答的是“教育實(shí)際是什么”的問題。

23、 例如：廣義的教育：無目的的學(xué)習(xí)、自學(xué)、家庭與社會的輔導(dǎo)。 中義的教育：有組織地和持續(xù)不斷地傳授知識的工作. 狹義的教育=有目的有計劃有組織地影響人的身心的活動（主要是學(xué)校教育）,Courseware in teacher education college,,3. programmatic definition(綱領(lǐng)性定義) 綱領(lǐng)性定義的表述既有對教育所做出的價值判斷，也規(guī)定著教育在其活動中尋求的目的。

24、 即使存在著以上兩種界定教育的方式，但是人們?nèi)詴湍男┏煞謱儆诮逃约懊枋龅木_性問題進(jìn)行爭論。例如在一些人看來，并非所有有意識培養(yǎng)人的活動都是教育，最典型的例子是那些諸如盜竊等犯罪團(tuán)伙的師徒授受，此不可謂無目的．也不可謂不是在“培養(yǎng)”人，但這些與教育目的等是背道而馳的，是為“真正的教育”所不容的。如此，就有了事物“應(yīng)該(should)"怎樣的綱領(lǐng)性定義。綱領(lǐng)性定義總是明確或隱含地告訴我們，教育應(yīng)該是一個什么樣子，我們

25、常把教育界定為“有目的地促進(jìn)人的身心發(fā)展的活動”，也就暗示著，教育應(yīng)該以促進(jìn)學(xué)生的身心發(fā)展為定向，那些與學(xué)生身心發(fā)展相違背的做法是不允許的。綱領(lǐng)性定義是說教育應(yīng)該怎樣，與描述性定義所說的教育實(shí)際是怎樣不同，與規(guī)定性定義所說的“我暫且對教育作這樣的理解”也不同，它往往包含著“是(is）”和“應(yīng)當(dāng)(ought）”兩種成分，是描述性定義和規(guī)定性定義的混合。 例如：教育有廣義與狹義之分：從廣義上說，凡是以教和學(xué)為活動形式，有意識地促進(jìn)人

26、的身心發(fā)展的活動都是教育。從狹義上說，教育者有目的、有計劃、有組織地對受教育者施加影響，促使其身心得到發(fā)展的活動才是教育。,Courseware in teacher education college,,conclusion: First, in a broad sense(廣義), education is an activity of cultivating person designedly and purposefull

27、y. Secondly, in a shallow sense（狹義），education is a social activity which full-time person (專職人員,teacher and educator) and institution（school專門機(jī)構(gòu)）cultivate and affect students and the educated.,Courseware in teacher ed

28、ucation college,Part three: the essential featurs of education,1. different ideas of educational essence1.1．單因素論者認(rèn)為教育本質(zhì)是上層建筑、或者生產(chǎn)力、或者文化。 1.2 多因素論者認(rèn)為教育是一種復(fù)雜的社會現(xiàn)象，它是多質(zhì)、多層次的，是社會性、生產(chǎn)性、階級性、科學(xué)性和藝術(shù)性的統(tǒng)一，不能將某一種屬性看作是教育的本質(zhì)。 1. 3

29、．特殊范疇論者認(rèn)為教育是一種社會實(shí)踐、或者社會化、或者生長、或者生活等范疇。 4．教育本質(zhì)矛盾論者認(rèn)為教育是各要素對立統(tǒng)一的活動。,Courseware in teacher education college,,2. In essence, education is the inheritance and production of human culture 教育本質(zhì)上是人類文化的傳承與生產(chǎn) 2. 1．教育是人類文化的傳承活動

30、 2. 2．教育肩負(fù)著生產(chǎn)人類文化的使命,Courseware in teacher education college,Part four: self-education(自我教育),Relative to education, self-education is a special education and is the theme of 21th century. （蘇）蘇霍姆林斯基《education and s

31、elf-education》 point out，“the true education is self-education”(真正的教育是自我教育),only when one person learns to educate himself, he or she will be a true person(只有學(xué)會進(jìn)行自我教育，才可成為一個真正的人).,Courseware in teacher education college,

32、,1.what is self-education? self-education is the process of which the learners initiatively receive the human culture and reflect their behavior. Its main characteristic is independent(自主性) and self-controlling (自控性

33、).1.1．自我教育是學(xué)習(xí)者主動接受外部影響的教育 1.2．自我教育中學(xué)習(xí)者能夠自由調(diào)控學(xué)習(xí)行為與結(jié)果。,Courseware in teacher education college,,2.the structure of self-education2.1 self-cognition(自我認(rèn)識)是主體對自己進(jìn)行分析，從而認(rèn)識自己的不足和長處，找到自我發(fā)展、完善的方向，它是進(jìn)行自我教育的起點(diǎn)與基礎(chǔ). 2.2 self-imp

34、rovement(自我完善)是根據(jù)自我認(rèn)識進(jìn)行有針對性的完善、改進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)行為的過程，它是自我教育的主體部分，是自我教育的中心環(huán)節(jié).2.3 self-controlling(自我控制)是個體在進(jìn)行自我教育過程中對自身行為進(jìn)行調(diào)控的活動，它往往貫穿于自我教育全過程. 2.4 self-evaluation(自我評價)是個體對自我教育成就的價值判斷 .,Courseware in teacher education college,,3.3

35、．Education is the exterior reason of learning knowledge and self-education the interior reason. 3.4．When one grows, the other declines.教育與自我教育是相互消長于人生發(fā)展之中，當(dāng)教育由小、細(xì)、弱到大、寬、強(qiáng)，自我教育則由大、寬、強(qiáng)到小、細(xì)、弱，反之亦然。（如圖所示）,3. the relation be

36、tween education and self-education 3.1．Both are the dispensable respects of learning human culture. 3.2．Both mutually promote each other.,Courseware in teacher education college,Unit two: educational main features,第二

37、節(jié) 教育的基本特點(diǎn),Courseware in teacher education college,Part one: objective constraining of education(教育的客觀制約性),1. the influence of materials production to education(社會物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)對教育的影響) 1.1．controlling educational scale and spee

38、d(決定教育發(fā)展的規(guī)模和速度) 1.2．Influencing educational object and norms(影響教育目標(biāo)和教育規(guī)范的確定) 1.3．controlling educational structure(決定教育結(jié)構(gòu)). 1.4．promoting educational reform(促進(jìn)教育變革)which includes system（體制), content(內(nèi)容), me

39、ans(手段) and forms(組織形式.,Courseware in teacher education college,,2. the influence of politics to education(社會政治對教育的影響) 2.1．deciding the rights of educational leadership(教育的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)). 2.2．deciding the rights who to be

40、educated(決定人們受教育權(quán)) 2.3．directly influencing educational scale and speed. 2.4．deciding educational object(教育目標(biāo)) 2.5．deciding educational system(教育制度) and managing system(管理體制). 2.6．deciding some educationa

41、l content and methods(部分教育內(nèi)容和方法),Courseware in teacher education college,,3. The function of social culture to education (社會文化對教育的作用) 3.1．Direct role(直接作用):the sub-culture of school(學(xué)校亞文化) influences selecting educat

42、ional content, methods, means and forms, the status and role of the teachers and educational object. 3.2．Indirect role(間接影響): influencing educational needs(教育需求) and physical and mental development(身心發(fā)展) from lifestyl

43、e(生活方式), customs(習(xí)俗) and national identity(民族特性), strengthening the ties between education and society.,Courseware in teacher education college,,4. the function of population to education (人口系統(tǒng)對教育的作用) 4.1．The influen

44、ce of the number of population to education(人口數(shù)量對教育的影響): the growth rate of population(人口增長率) will influence educational scale(規(guī)模), structure(結(jié)構(gòu)) and quality(質(zhì)量). 4.2．The quality of population(人口質(zhì)量) will influence ed

45、ucational quality(質(zhì)量), object(目標(biāo)) and content(內(nèi)容): the level of intrants(入學(xué)者已有的水平)will influence total quality and the quality of elders will influence the youth.,Courseware in teacher education college,,4.3．the influenc

46、e of structure of population to educational structure(人口結(jié)構(gòu)影響教育結(jié)構(gòu)) 4.3.1 the age structure(人口年齡結(jié)構(gòu)) will influence the rate of different schools. 4.3.2 culture(人口文化修養(yǎng)構(gòu)成) will influence educational needs(教育需求) and

47、quality(質(zhì)量) 4.3.3 population density(人口疏密度) will influence school forms(學(xué)校的辦學(xué)形式). 4.3.4 national structure(人口民族結(jié)構(gòu)) will educational rights and chances(受教育權(quán)) 4.4．The influence of population policy(人口政策) to educat

48、ion: educational policy(文教政策) and family planning policy(計劃生育政策).,Courseware in teacher education college,Part two: relative independence of education(教育的相對獨(dú)立性),1. Education is a relatively independent activity(教育是一種相對獨(dú)立

49、的社會實(shí)踐活動 )2. Education is inheritant(教育具有歷史繼承性 )3. Education has not the same step as social development(教育與社會經(jīng)濟(jì)政治發(fā)展不完全同步),Courseware in teacher education college,Part three: main features of basic education(基礎(chǔ)教育的基本特征),

50、1. basic(基礎(chǔ)性 )1. 1．基礎(chǔ)性是基礎(chǔ)教育的本質(zhì)屬性。 1. 2．基礎(chǔ)教育不僅要為個體發(fā)展打基礎(chǔ)，而且要為社會發(fā)展打基礎(chǔ)。 1. 3．基礎(chǔ)教育不僅應(yīng)促進(jìn)受教育者德、智、體、美的和諧發(fā)展，而且應(yīng)為受教育者的終身學(xué)習(xí)、發(fā)展打好基礎(chǔ)。,,2. universal(普及性)2. 1．基礎(chǔ)教育是大眾教育 2. 2．基礎(chǔ)教育是全納教育 2. 3．基礎(chǔ)教育是所有適齡公民的基本權(quán)利,Courseware in teacher e

51、ducation college,,3. compulsory(義務(wù)性 )3. 1．政府應(yīng)是基礎(chǔ)教育的辦學(xué)主體 3. 2．學(xué)校應(yīng)為受教育者提供“有質(zhì)量”的基礎(chǔ)教育 3. 3．家庭應(yīng)為受教育者提供教育支持,Courseware in teacher education college,,4. fair(公平性)4. 1．起點(diǎn)公平 4. 2．過程公平 4. 3．結(jié)果公平,Courseware in teacher educati

52、on college,Unit three: educational structure,第二節(jié)教育的結(jié)構(gòu),Courseware in teacher education college,Part one: educational factors,1.Different ideas about “educational factor” 1.1.three factors: educator(教育者), the educated(受

53、教育者)and educational agency(教育中介) 1.2. four factors: educator(教育者), the educated(受教育者),educational content(教育內(nèi)容) and educational materials(教育物資)or means(教育手段） 1.3. five factors: value(價值),object(目的),curriculum(課程),l

54、earning(學(xué)習(xí)) and teaching(教學(xué)),Courseware in teacher education college,,1.4.my idea: two layers and four factors (二層次四要素),,,,,,,Courseware in teacher education college,,2. educational subject(教育主體) 2.1.the connotation of

55、educational subject 2.1.1． educational subjectis the dynamic, active role in educational activity, including educator and the educated. 2.1.2．Educational subjectivity(教育主體性) is the characteristic that educatio

56、nal subject owns subjective initiative(主觀能動性) and objective constraint(客觀制約性). 2.1.3. subjective education(主體性教育) is an activity that cultivate the consciousness(自覺性), enthusiasm(積極性) and creativity(創(chuàng)造性).,Courseware

57、in teacher education college,,2.2. educator(教育者) 2.2.1． Educator is a person who bear the educational responsibility and impose on educational influence, including educational manager, teacher and parents. 2.2.2．

58、The role of teacher(教師的角色地位):social representative(社會的代表者),the creator of human knowledge(人類知識的創(chuàng)造者), the parent’s agent(父母的代理人), the student’s model(學(xué)生的楷模) and friend engineer of human culture(人類文化的工程師); the main forc

59、e of school’s development and instruction.,Courseware in teacher education college,,2.3. the educated(受教育者) The educated are the person who are educated or students. 蒙田：“the true scholar(有學(xué)問的人) is like an ear(麥穗)

60、,which it stands erectly and raise its head when empty and it hangs its head and hides its candle under a bushel when full of grains(當(dāng)它們還是空的，它們就茁長挺立，昂首睨視；但當(dāng)它們臻于成熟、飽含鼓脹的麥粒進(jìn)，更開始低垂下來，不露鋒芒。”),Courseware in teacher education

61、college,,3. educational object 3.1. what is educational object?(教育客體) the object is the passive side of interaction (相互作用) thingsor the influenced. which is objective(客觀性) and passive(被動性) the educational object

62、 is the passive side in educational activity, including educational content(教育內(nèi)容), educational means and method(教育手段與方法), educational material (教育物資) and person (“人” the educated or student).,Courseware in teacher educat

63、ion college,,3.2. educational content(教育內(nèi)容) educational content is the object(對象) which the educator and the educated commonly cognize(共同認(rèn)識), grasp（掌握） and apply(運(yùn)用)，including explicit knowledge(顯性知識) such as teac

64、hing materials(教材), syllabus(教學(xué)大綱) and curriculum(課程) and tacit knowledge(隱性知識) such as school culture(學(xué)校文化),the quality of the teacher(教師素養(yǎng)). It is purposeful(目的性)and anticipative (預(yù)定性), and has cognitive(認(rèn)識價值) an

65、d developmental value(發(fā)展價值).,Courseware in teacher education college,,3.3.educational means(教育手段) 3.3.1．The educational means is the media(中介) which educational content influences educational object. 3.3.2．Its st

66、ructure: spiritual means(精神手段) including educational law, educational method, and material means(物質(zhì)手段) including teaching aids(教具), laboratory(實(shí)驗(yàn)室) and multimedia(多媒體). 3.3.3．Characteristic: educational(教育化), scient

67、ific(科學(xué)化), various(多樣化)and hidden (隱形化). 3.4. educational method(教育方法) heuristic(啟發(fā)式) and indoctrination(灌輸式), verbal(語言) and non-verbal(非語言).,Courseware in teacher education college,4. the relationship among the edu

68、cational factors subject and object are the bi-polar(兩極) of cognitive structure and depend each other. 4.1．Person is object and initiative , matter is object and passive. 4.2．Matter is the media of person all in