大學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)讀寫(xiě)教程-下冊(cè)-課文翻譯

1、Reading 1WHAT IS STRESS?The term stress has been defined in several different ways. sometimes the term is applied to stimuli or events in our environment that make physical and emotional demands on us, and sometimes it i

2、s applied to our emotional and physical reactions to such stimuli. in this discussion, we will refer to the environmental stimuli or events as stressors and to the emotional and physical reactions as stress.壓力這個(gè)詞已經(jīng)有幾種不同的

3、定義。有時(shí)候這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)適用于我們環(huán)境中的刺激或事件，這些刺激或事件會(huì)對(duì)我們產(chǎn)生身體和情感方面的要求，有時(shí)也適用于我們對(duì)這種刺激的情緒和身體反應(yīng)。 在這個(gè)討論中，我們將環(huán)境刺激或事件稱(chēng)為壓力，并將情緒和身體上的反應(yīng)稱(chēng)為壓力。Many sorts of events be stressors, including disasters, such as hurricanes or tornadoes; major life events, su

4、ch as divorce or the loss of a job; and daily hassles, such as having to wait in line at the supermarket when you need to be somewhere else in 10 minutes. What all this events have in common is that they interfere with o

5、r threat our accustomed way of life. when we encounter such stressors, we must pull together our mental and physical resources in order to deal with the challenge. How well we succeed in doing so will determine how serio

6、us a toll the stress will take on our mental and physical well-being.許多事件都是壓力源，包括災(zāi)難，如颶風(fēng)或龍卷風(fēng); 重大生活事件，如離婚或失業(yè); 每天都有麻煩，比如當(dāng)你要在 10 分鐘內(nèi)到別的地方去卻不得不在超市排隊(duì)等。 所有這些事件都有共同之處，就是它們干涉或威脅我們習(xí)慣的生活方式。 當(dāng)我們遇到這樣的壓力時(shí)，我們必須整合我們的精神和物質(zhì)資源來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)。我們?nèi)绾纬?/p>

7、功地做到這一點(diǎn)將決定壓力對(duì)我們身心健康將產(chǎn)生多大的影響。Reacting to stressorsThe Canadian physiologist Hans Seyle has been the most influential writer on stress. Seyle proposed that both humans and other animals react to any stressor in three stag

8、es, collectively known as the general adaptation syndrome. the first stage, when the person or animal becomes aware of the stressor is the alarm reaction. In this stage the organism becomes highly alert and aroused, ener

9、gized by a burst of epinephrine. After the alarm reaction comes the stage of resistance , as the organism tries to adapt to the stressful stimulus or to escape from it. If these efforts are successful, the state of the o

10、rganism returns to normal. If the organism cannot adapt to the continuing stress, however, it enters a stage of exhaustion or collapse.加拿大生理學(xué)家 Hans Seyle 在壓力方面一直是最有影響力的作家。 塞爾提出，人類(lèi)和其他動(dòng)物在三個(gè)階段對(duì)任何壓力源作出反應(yīng)，統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為一般適應(yīng)綜合癥。 第一階段，當(dāng)人或

11、動(dòng)物意識(shí)到應(yīng)激源時(shí)，就是警報(bào)反應(yīng)。 在這個(gè)階段，機(jī)體變得高度警覺(jué)和激起，并被一陣腎上腺素所激發(fā)。 當(dāng)警報(bào)反應(yīng)進(jìn)入抵抗階段后，機(jī)體試圖適應(yīng)壓力刺激或逃避壓力。 如果這些努力成功，機(jī)體的狀態(tài)就會(huì)恢復(fù)正常。 然而，如果生物體不能適應(yīng)持續(xù)的壓力，它就進(jìn)入衰竭或崩潰的階段。Seyle developed his model of the general adaptation syndrome as a result of research wit

12、h rats and other animals. In rats, certain stressors, such as painful tail-pulling consistently led to the same sorts of stress reactions in humans, however, it is harder to predict what will be stressful to a particular

13、 person at a particular time. Whether a particular stimulus will be stressful depends on the person’s subjective appraisal of that stimulus. How threatening is it? How well have I handled this sort of thing in the past?

14、how well will I be able to handle it this time? for one person, being degree of control rather than being passive and helpless victims. such a sense of control can help minimize the negative consequences of stress, both

15、psychological and physical. in one well-known experiment, Jay Weiss administered electric shocks to pairs of rats. In each pair, one of the two animals was given a degree of control over the situation; it could reach thr

16、ough a hole in the cage and press a panel that would turn off the shock both for itself and for its partner. Thus, the two rats received exactly the same number of shocks, but one was passive and helpless, and the other

17、was in control. after a continuous 21-hour session, the animals were sacrificed and their stomachs examined for ulcers. those rats that could exert control had much less ulceration than their helpless partners. 人們應(yīng)對(duì)壓力的能力

18、的一個(gè)重要影響是他們覺(jué)得自己可以對(duì)局勢(shì)進(jìn)行控制的程度。當(dāng)動(dòng)物和人類(lèi)覺(jué)得自己可以行使某種程度的控制權(quán)，而不是被動(dòng)和無(wú)助的受害者時(shí)，動(dòng)物和人類(lèi)都能更好地應(yīng)對(duì)痛苦或威脅的刺激。這種控制感可以幫助最大限度地減少心理和生理壓力的負(fù)面影響。在一個(gè)眾所周知的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，杰伊·韋斯（Jay Weiss）對(duì)成對(duì)的老鼠進(jìn)行電擊。在每一對(duì)中，兩只動(dòng)物中的一只受到一定程度的控制，它可以通過(guò)籠子里的一個(gè)洞，并按下一個(gè)面板，可以為自己和它的伙伴關(guān)閉震動(dòng)。因此

19、，這兩只老鼠受到的沖擊數(shù)量完全相同，但是一只被動(dòng)無(wú)助，另一只控制住了。連續(xù) 21 小時(shí)后，將動(dòng)物處死并檢查其胃部是否潰瘍。那些可以控制的老鼠比他們無(wú)助的伴侶潰瘍要少得多。The ability to control painful stimuli often benefits humans, too. For example, the loud music coming into your ears from your iPod is

20、probably not stressful; in fact, it's quite enjoyable. but the same music coming from your neighbor's house can be terribly and stressful. merely knowing that one can control a noise makes it less bothersome. Tha

21、t’s one reason why your loud music does not bother you-you know you can turn it off.控制疼痛刺激的能力也經(jīng)常使人類(lèi)受益。 例如，從你的 iPod 進(jìn)入你的耳朵大聲的音樂(lè)可能沒(méi)有壓力， 事實(shí)上，這是相當(dāng)愉快的。 但是來(lái)自你鄰居家的同樣的音樂(lè)可能會(huì)讓你非常緊張。 只知道一個(gè)人能控制噪音會(huì)減少麻煩。 這就是為什么你的嘈雜音樂(lè)不會(huì)打擾你 - 你知道你可以把它關(guān)掉

22、。Predictability 可預(yù)測(cè)性Even when you cannot control them, unpleasant events tend to be less stressful if they are predictable - if you at least know when they will occur. This was demonstrated by Weiss in another study wi

23、th rats. One group of rats heard a buzzer about 10 seconds before they would receive a shock; although the animals could not escape the shock at least they had a chance to prepare themselves for the expected pain. A seco

24、nd group of rats received no such warnings; The shocks came unpredictably. Weiss found that the rats that were forewarned of the shocks developed fewer ulcers than the rats that were not forewarned. This finding has para

25、llels in human life. the death of a loved one, for example, is usually less traumatic when it is anticipated than when it is unexpected. On a less tragic level, many students find surprise quizzes to be more upsetting th

26、an scheduled quizzes that they can prepare for.即使你無(wú)法控制他們，如果不愉快的事件是可預(yù)測(cè)的，那么往往會(huì)減輕壓力 - 如果你至少知道他們什么時(shí)候會(huì)發(fā)生。 Weiss 在另外一項(xiàng)關(guān)于老鼠的研究中證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)。 一組老鼠在接到電擊前約 10 秒鐘聽(tīng)到蜂鳴聲， 雖然動(dòng)物至少不能逃避震蕩，但他們有機(jī)會(huì)為預(yù)期的痛苦做好準(zhǔn)備。 第二組老鼠沒(méi)有收到這樣的警告; 沖擊變得難以預(yù)料。 Weiss 發(fā)現(xiàn)，預(yù)先