正常青少年的焦慮和抑郁癥狀與自己和父母報告其行為抑制之間的關(guān)系

1、Personality and Individual Differences人格與個體差異I F: 1.861,Relationships between child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression in normal adolescents正常青少年的焦慮和抑郁癥狀與自己和父母報告其行為抑制之間的

2、關(guān)系,Behavioural inhibition can be regarded as a temperamental trait which is characterised by the tendency of children and adolescents to be unusually shy and to react with fear and withdrawal in novel and/or unfamiliar s

3、ocial situations (Kagan, 1997). 行為抑制可以作為一種氣質(zhì)特性，是兒童和青少年的一種傾向性特質(zhì)，在在新穎/不熟悉的社會情境中通常會表現(xiàn)出害羞，出現(xiàn)恐懼的反應(yīng)和退縮(Kagan, 1997),1、問題提出,Research has shown that youths who are behaviourally inhibited seem to be at increased risk for de

4、veloping anxiety disorders。children initially identified as behaviourally inhibited were subsequently more likely to develop anxiety disorders compared to control children 有研究就表明行為抑制的青年會有更大的風險出現(xiàn)焦慮障礙。如果是兒童時期表現(xiàn)為行為抑制，那么

5、相比控制組，在隨后更有可能患有焦慮障礙。,So far, research has emphasised that behavioural inhibition is a risk factor for developing childhood anxiety disorders。There is some evidence showing that behavioural inhibition is also associated w

6、ith elevated levels of depression (e.g., Reznick,Hegeman, Kaufman, & Woods, 1992). 到目前為止，研究都強調(diào)行為抑制是兒童發(fā)展焦慮障礙的一個風險因素。同時也有證據(jù)表明行為抑制也和抑郁水平是相關(guān)的。,Most behavioural inhibition studies have employed extensive laboratory pr

7、ocedures to assess behavioural and physiological features of the inhibited temperament in relatively young children. 大多數(shù)行為抑制的研究是應(yīng)用的是實驗程序來評估相對較小的兒童抑制氣質(zhì)的行為和生理特征。,Inspired by the work of Reznick et al. (1992) and Gest

8、(1997), Muris, Merckelbach, Wessel, and Van de Ven (1999) recently developed the Behavioural Inhibition Instrument (BII), a self-report instrument for assessing behavioural inhibition in older children. 而Reznick et a

9、l. (1992) and Gest (1997), Muris,Merckelbach, Wessel, and Van de Ven (1999)他們編制了自我報告方式來評估行為抑制的工具即Behavioural Inhibition Instrument (BII)來評估年齡較大一點的兒童。,So far, two studies have used the BII in order to examine the connecti

10、on between behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in children and adolescents 到目前為止，只有兩個研究使用BII來研究兒童和青少年的行為抑制和焦慮障礙、抑郁癥狀之間的關(guān)系。,While previous studies (Muris et al., 1999, 2001) solely

11、 relied on youths’ self-report, the present investigation also assessed behaviouralinhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression from the parents’ point of view. The current study further investigated the relationshi

12、p between behavioural inhibition as indexed by the BII and symptoms of anxiety and depression。 然而以前的研究(Muris et al., 1999, 2001)只是單獨的依賴于青少年自我報告，當前調(diào)查也從父母的視角來評估兒童的行為抑制和焦慮和抑郁的癥狀。所以當前的研究想進一步通過BII指標來調(diào)查行為抑制和焦慮、抑郁癥狀之間的關(guān)系。,

13、2、1被試和程序 The parents of 499 first grade schoolchildren of a normal secondary school were approached by mail. In a letter, parents received information about the study and they were asked to give their consent about th

14、eir child’s participation. 向普通小學的一年級學生的499父母發(fā)信件。在信件里，父母接受到的關(guān)于這個研究信息和邀請他們孩子參與的知情同意。,2、方法,In addition, parents were invited to complete parent versions of the BII and RCADS (see later) and to return materials in a seal

15、ed envelope. 而且，父母被要請完成父母版本的BII和RCADS（修訂版本的焦慮抑郁量表）和使用封口的信封來返回材料。,Three hundred and twenty-seven parents (65.5%) responded positively to the mailing. Children of these parents were asked to complete child versions o

16、f the BII and the RCADS.This was done in their classrooms with a research assistant and the teacher always present to ensure confidential and independent responding. 327名父母(65.5%)積極的回應(yīng)了信件。父母的孩子要求去完成兒童版本的BII和RCADS。這

17、件事情的完成是在他們的教室里，研究助手和老師也在場為了確?？煽亢退麄儶毩⑼瓿伞?Eventually, due to missing data and children being absent at the class assessment, data of 310 parents, 297 adolescents, and 280 parent–adolescent pairs were collected. The total g

18、roup of adolescents (N=327; 149 boys and 178 girls) had a mean age of 12.7 years (SD=0.6, range 11–15 years, >99% of the adolescents was aged 12–14 years). 最終，由于數(shù)據(jù)丟失和兒童沒有參與教室的評估，共收集到310名父母，297名青少年和280名父母青少年配對的數(shù)據(jù)。

19、前少年(N=327; 149 男生 和178 女生)的平均年齡在12.7歲(SD=0.6, 范圍 11–15 歲, >99% 青少年的年齡在 12–14 歲)。,2、2測量工具 BII contained eight items referring to shyness, communication, fearfulness, and smiling when meeting an unfamiliar child/ad

20、ult. Items are rated on four-point Likert scales with 1=never, 2=sometimes, 3=often, and 4=always. After recoding positive items, scores are summed to yield a BIS child (range: 4–16), a BIS adult (range: 4–16), and a BIS

21、 total score (range: 8–32). The second part of the BII remained unchanged and asked children to classify themselves in one of the three behavioural inhibition categories (i.e. low, middle, or high). 第一部分的BII共包含8個項目

22、，涉及到當面對不熟悉的兒童/承認時害羞、交流、恐懼、微笑。采用李克特4計分，1 =沒有,2 =有時,3 =經(jīng)常、4 =總是。重新積極的項目編碼后,成績總分產(chǎn)生BIS的兒童(范圍:4-16),BIS的成年人(范圍:4-16)和BIS總分(范圍:8-32)。的第二部分BII保持不變,問孩子將自己的三個行為抑制類別(即低、中、高)。,The RCADS is an adaptation of the Spence Children’s Anx

23、iety Scale (SCAS; Spence, 1997, 1998) and attempts to assess symptoms of DSM-defined anxiety disorders and major depression. RCADS是一個修訂的適合測量兒童焦慮的量表(SCAS; Spence, 1997, 1998)，和試圖去評估DSM定義的焦慮障礙和主要抑郁癥狀。,The scale consis

24、ts of 47 items that can be allocated to six subscales: social phobia、panic disorder、major depressive disorder、separation anxiety disorder、generalised anxiety disorder、obsessive-compulsive disorder。Items have to be scored

25、 on a four-point scale with 0=never, 1=sometimes, 2=often, and 3=always. RCADS subscale scores and a total anxiety score can be obtained by summing across relevant items. 量表包含47個條目，分為6個維度：社會恐怖癥（9個條目）、恐慌癥（9個條目）,重度抑郁癥

26、（10個條目）、分離焦慮癥（7個條目）,一般性焦慮癥（6個條目）,強迫癥-沖動障礙（6個條目）.問卷為四點量表（0-4），0 =不,1 =有時,2 =經(jīng)常,3 =總是。RCADS維度分數(shù)和總焦慮分的總和為相關(guān)項目的總分。,Parent versions of BII and RCADS（父母版本的BII和RCADS）The parent versions of the BII and the RCADS (i.e. BII-P and

27、RCADS-P) were identical to the child versions of these measures, except that items/descriptions were rephrased in terms of the parents’ perspective. 父母版本的BII和RCADS是相對于兒童版本而言，除了了項目用父母的視角來描述，其他一樣。,3、1General findings（

28、一般發(fā)現(xiàn)） First, questionnaires were reliable in terms of internal consistency. That is, all Cronbach’s alphaswere well above 0.60 (Table 1). 第一，所有問卷的內(nèi)部一致性系數(shù)都高于0.6，是可信的。(Table 1).,3、結(jié)果,Second, no substantial gender

29、differences were found: girls reported somewhat higher levels of separation anxiety disorder symptoms than boys, means being 1.9 (SD=2.1) versus 1.4 (SD=1.8) [t(295)=2.0, P<0.05], but when applying a Bonferroni correc

30、tion this difference no longer attained statistical significance. 第二，沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)實質(zhì)的性別差異：女孩在一定程度上要比男生在分離性焦慮上分要高{1.9 (SD=2.1)VS 1.4 (SD=1.8)，t(295)=2.0, P<0.05} ，但是用Bonferroni 矯正后不再存在統(tǒng)計顯著性。,Third, the age range of the ado

31、lescents was restricted (i.e. 11–15 years) and no meaningful correlations between age and behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety/depression were found. 第三，年齡的范圍有限（11–15歲），所有，發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡和行為抑制和焦慮/抑郁癥狀沒有顯著相關(guān)。,3.2. Cor

32、respondence between child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition（兒童-父母報告行為抑制之間的相關(guān)） Correlations between child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition as indexed by the BIS were positive but modest, with rs be

33、tween 0.44 and 0.49 (all Ps<0.001; Table 1). 兒童-父母報告行為抑制之間的BIS指標為正相關(guān)但是都是中度相關(guān)。相關(guān)系數(shù)在0.44-0.49,The percentage of agreement between child and parent with regard to the BI categories (low, middle, high) was 61.4%, with

34、 Cohen’s kappa being insufficient (p=0.32) and a modest Spearman rank correlation (r=0.42, P<0.001). 兒童和父母關(guān)于BI的類別上的一致百分比數(shù)為61.4%，Cohen’s kappa 并不充分(p=0.32)，也只有中度的Spearman等級相關(guān)(r=0.42, P<0.001),3.3. Correspondence

35、 between child- and parent-reported anxiety and depression（兒童-父母報告焦慮和抑郁的一致性） social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, and major depressive disorder seemed to be somewhat higher than that for symptoms of panic dis

36、order, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and to a lesser extent generalised anxiety disorder 社交恐懼癥、分離焦慮障礙和抑郁的癥狀在一定程度上高于恐慌癥,強迫癥-沖動障礙,一般性焦慮障礙處于次要的。,Furthermore, paired t-tests indicated that parents reported higher level

37、s of social phobia and separation anxiety disorder symptoms for their children than children themselves。 而且，配對樣本檢驗，發(fā)現(xiàn)父母報告要你孩子自己報告更好水平的社會恐懼和分離性焦慮。,3.4. Relationships between child-reported behavioural inhibition and

38、anxiety/depression（兒童報告行為抑制和焦慮/抑郁的關(guān)系） First, Pearson correlations were computed between the child version of the BIS and RCADS and RCADS-P scores 第一，皮爾遜相關(guān)分析來比較兒童版本的BIS 、RCADS 和RCADS-P分數(shù),Second, (multivariate) anal

39、yses of variance were carried out to compare the RCADS and RCADS-P scores of adolescents who classified themselves as either low, middle, or high on behavioural inhibition. 第二，分析比較RCADS 和RCADS-P對于低，中，高行為抑制的被試,3.5. Re

40、lationships between parent-reported behavioural inhibition and anxiety/depression（父母報告行為抑制和焦慮/抑郁的關(guān)系）,3.6. Relative predictive validity of child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition to symptoms of anxiety and depre

41、ssion（兒童-父母報告行為抑制預(yù)測焦慮/抑郁癥狀） child-reported anxiety and depression were best predicted by child-reported behavioural inhibition, whereas parent-reported anxiety and depression were best predicted by parent-reported beh

42、avioural inhibition. 兒童報告的行為抑制可以很好的預(yù)測兒童報告的焦慮/抑郁癥狀；父母報告的兒童的行為抑制可以很好的預(yù)測父母報告兒童的焦慮/抑郁癥狀,In only two of the regression analyses child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition both accounted for a unique and significan

43、t proportion of the variance. 兩個關(guān)于兒童-父母報告行為抑制都可以顯著的解釋一個部分變化。,Laboratory observations have shown that behavioural inhibition is present in 10–15% of children who manifest this behavioural pattern in its extreme (see

44、Turner et al., 1996) 實驗室的觀察表明行為抑制在10–15%兒童群體上存在，顯示這種行為抑制的廣泛存在的。,4、討論,The present data nicely illustrate the relatively poor agreement between parent and child report with regard to the assessment of interna lising sy

45、mptoms such as anxiety and depression (e.g. Rapee, Barrett, Dadds, & Evans, 1994). 當前的數(shù)據(jù)非常漂亮的闡明了相關(guān)的不一致在父母和兒童報告評價相關(guān)的焦慮/抑郁癥狀。,Agreement between adolescents and their parents for behavioural inhibition was also rath

46、er modest . On the one hand, this may indicate that behavioural inhibition not only has clear-cut observable features, but also has more covert emotional and cognitive components. 行為抑制只顯示出中等程度，這表明行為抑制不僅有清晰可觀察的特征，而且還

47、存在更多的隱藏的情緒和認知成分。,Thus, it remains possible that behavioural inhibition not only serves as an antecedent for anxiety disorders, but also is directly involved in the aetiology ofchildhood depression. Another possibility is

48、 that the connection between behavioural inhibition and depression is carried by anxiety. 因此，可能行為抑制不僅在焦慮障礙之前 ，而且，他也直接涉及到兒童抑郁的病因?qū)W。另一種可能是行為抑制和抑郁的鏈接是有焦慮在中間起作用。,第一、當前測量的行為抑制排除了社會情境的行為抑制第二，BII評價當前和過去的害羞和兒童社會抑制，工具并沒有考慮到這

49、是一些兒童獲得的特征。第三，只是簡單用問卷分數(shù)來評估焦慮/抑郁水平 第四、應(yīng)該從橫向研究來進一步的證明兒童-父母報告行為抑制對焦慮和抑郁的預(yù)測力。第五、被試的年齡范圍過小,5、不足,Taken together, the present data provide further support for the notion that behavioural inhibition plays a role in the aetiol

50、ogy of childhood anxiety disorders 總的來說，當前的數(shù)進一步的支持了行為抑制在兒童的焦慮障礙其中重要的角色。,6、結(jié)論,本研究雖然是一個簡單的相關(guān)研究而且所有的過程都和前人研究相似，但是作者有自己的創(chuàng)新之處在于，在變量選擇上加入父母評價。同時在數(shù)據(jù)分析上下了功夫。 這個研究也給我們其實行為抑制并不是一個有效的調(diào)節(jié)策略，當我們遇到事情不放使用行為表達或許更好，我們也可以做一些相關(guān)研究。,