學術論文寫作theprincipleofgoodtitle

1、,特殊人群用藥——老年人用藥指導,馮新穎2016.11.19,ACADEMIC ENGLISH WRITING AND TRANSLATION,,目錄,一：概述二：老年人生理和生化功能的變化三：老年人藥動學和藥效學特點四：老年人安全合理用藥對策,引起藥源性高血壓的藥物,藥源性高血壓的分類,常突然起病，發(fā)作時除出現(xiàn)血壓增高外，還伴有頭痛、震顫和心絞痛等表現(xiàn)，癥狀一般持續(xù)數(shù)分鐘至數(shù)小時,表現(xiàn)為逐漸起病，發(fā)作時除血壓升高外，還伴有腦、

2、心和腎臟等器官嚴重損害，嚴重時可并發(fā)腦卒中、心肌梗死和急性左心衰竭等，癥狀一般持續(xù)數(shù)小時至數(shù)天。,①三環(huán)類抗抑郁藥：可減弱可樂定、甲基多巴和胍乙啶等藥物降壓作用。　?、诼樽硭帲ㄈ缙蒸斂ㄒ颉⒗嗫ㄒ?、丙泊酚等）可阻斷迷走神經(jīng)，興奮交感神經(jīng)，使血壓升高?！　、郯⑵荏w拮抗藥（如納洛酮等）可拮抗大劑量麻醉性鎮(zhèn)痛藥，使痛覺突然恢復，交感神經(jīng)興奮，致血壓升高、心率加快、心律失常甚至肺水腫和心搏驟停。,（1）交感神經(jīng)和副交感神經(jīng)之間平衡失調(diào)，交

3、感神經(jīng)興奮性增加，使血壓升高：,④酒精及含酒精制劑（如左卡尼汀口服溶液、氫化可的松注射液、藿香正氣水等） ⑤咖啡因及含咖啡因藥物（如復方氨酚烷胺膠囊、復方酚咖偽麻膠囊等）⑥中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)興奮藥（哌甲酯、苯丙胺等）⑦通過腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)激活升高血壓（如含雌激素避孕藥）,含鈉注射液（如0.9%氯化鈉注射液、10%氯化鈉注射液、乳酸鈉林格注射液等）；　　含鈉抗感染藥物（如青霉素鈉、頭孢呋辛鈉等）　　含鈉制酸劑（如碳酸氫鈉等

4、）；　　糖皮質(zhì)激素可促進腎小管對鈉的重吸收；　　鹽皮質(zhì)激素可促進遠端腎小管對鈉的重吸收和鉀的排泄　　——均可導致血壓升高。,（2）通過水鈉潴留引起高血壓：,(3)非甾體抗炎藥可升高血壓.——抑制環(huán)氧酶活性(4)中藥甘草有效成分為甘草酸，其水解產(chǎn)物甘草次酸有醛固酮樣作用，長期使用可致水鈉潴留、低鉀、低腎素、高血壓和醛固酮分泌減少，繼而高血壓?！醇傩匀┕掏龆喟Y(5)抗腫瘤藥物（如紫杉醇、順鉑、舒尼替尼、貝伐珠單抗）可使NO生

5、成減少，內(nèi)皮肽-1系統(tǒng)激活，致急性腎衰竭，使腎素水平升高，造成——繼發(fā)腎性高血壓。(6）曲馬多、芬太尼、萘甲唑啉、麻黃堿、偽麻黃堿、去氧腎上腺素等可、垂體后葉素、麥角堿、麥角新堿——直接收縮血管，使血壓升高；(7）重組人紅細胞生成素　　——可使血液黏度增加、血容量增多，使血壓升高：,（,一：概述,60歲以上老年人的分期,二老年人生理和生化功能變化,中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的變化,IMPORTANCEof a good title,To Gi

6、ve the First Impression To Give the Theme,The first time he saw her,He knew she was the one,Then what happened?,how first impression works,Then What happened?they made 3 movies from that,,THEME,Principles,PART TWO,,Par

7、t two principle,Title as a label,CONTENTS,Part two principle,exact and specific,Match with the Grammatical Requirements,series title should be avoid ?,Do not use abbreviations,Appropriate length,T

8、itle should not be too short or too long, generally should not be more than twenty words.,Studies on Brucella,On the addition to the method of microscopic research by a new way of produ

9、cing colourcontrast between an object and its background or between definite parts of the object itself,it is not very helpful to the potential reader and the content of the paper could not be known.,it contains waste wo

10、rds, and such words are useless for indexing purposes,“waste” words,An opening,AAnThe,Studies onInvestigations onObservations on,,Exact  and Specific,,,The title should properly reflect 

11、;the specific content, including the research scope and discussion level,A general and abstract title should be avoided,For example:

12、 “A targeted treatment combination for leukemia,Rather than:"Action of Antibiotics on Bacteria.,Part two principle,,High-Throughput Mapping of Single-Neuron Projections by Sequencing of Barcoded RNAKebschull et al

13、., 2016, Neuron 91, 1–13 September 7, 2016通過條碼RNA測序對單神經(jīng)元投影進行高通量繪圖。分析：7個詞，簡短，具體,Opposing Effects of Fasting Metabolism on Tissue Tolerance in Bacterial and Viral InflammationWang et al., 2016, Cell 166, 1512–1525 Sep

14、tember 8, 2016禁食對細菌和病毒性炎癥中組織耐受性的相反作用。分析：9個詞，簡短，用詞具體,Match with the Grammatical Requirements,,Wrong:"Mechanism of Suppression of Nontransmissible Pneumonia in Mice Induced by Newcastle Disease

15、 Virus."Right:"Mechanism of Suppression of Nontransmissible Pneumonia Induced in Mice by Newcastle Disease Virus.",,Part two principle,Title as a label,Amalthea’s Density Is Less Than That Of Water,E.G.

16、,,First ,“Is” is a waste word.,Second, inclusion of the “Is” results in a title that now seems to be a loud assertion.,Title should be useful as a label accompanying the paper itself ,and it also should be in a form suit

17、able for the machine-indexing systems.,A short version of the title is needed because of space limitations,Do not use  the abbr-eviation,Titles should avoid to using the acronym, chemical formulas, jargon, prop

18、rietary and unusual or outdated terminology.,Part two principle,papers,papers,ARDS,ALL,ABC,MM,CSO,FHB,ANEFH,INFH,Series title should be avoid,The reader will severely handicapped unless the whole series could be read co

19、nsecutively.,The series system is annoying to editors because of scheduling problems and delays.,,,Disagreement:may appear pedantic, often place the emphasis on the general term rather than a more significant ,necessitat