中考英語理論與實(shí)踐 - 瑞金教育

1、中考測(cè)試?yán)碚撆c命題技術(shù),江西省教育廳教研室 溫 愛 英,Teaching to / for testing?,英國(guó)著名的教學(xué)法、測(cè)試、教材方面的專家Rod Bolitho說過這么一段話：“Change methodology, the teachers don’t change easily. Change the textbooks, you change a lot, but yo

2、u don’t change much. Change the exams and textbooks, the methodology will follow. Change the exams, you change everything.”,The backwash of testing,用模擬考試、做試題沖擊教學(xué)，替代講課和練習(xí)，把生動(dòng)活潑的外語教學(xué)變成枯燥的應(yīng)試技巧訓(xùn)練，都是測(cè)試負(fù)面的或有害的反撥作用（田貴森2003：14）。

3、負(fù)面反撥效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生于兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)：試題的設(shè)計(jì)和測(cè)試的使用，前者為內(nèi)因，后者為外因。 負(fù)面反撥效應(yīng)的本質(zhì)是測(cè)試效度對(duì)信度和操作簡(jiǎn)易性的屈從（李冥2005：46）。任何測(cè)試都必須在效度、信度、可行性和對(duì)教學(xué)的反撥作用之間采取妥協(xié)，保持平衡（辜向東2002：69）。,報(bào)告由以下部分組成：,一、 2006年中考反思二、2007年中考解讀三、中考測(cè)試?yán)碚撍?、中考命題技術(shù)五、對(duì)中考復(fù)習(xí)的幾點(diǎn)建議,一、 2006年中考反思,癥狀1、學(xué)生的動(dòng)手能力

4、很差。具體表現(xiàn)在聽力理解的第3題“用詞填表格”、完形填空中的B部分“用詞的適當(dāng)形式填空”、閱讀理解的B部分“根據(jù)短文回答問題”和“書面表達(dá)”四部分得分率很低，有相當(dāng)考生沒有動(dòng)手。原因：大量的選擇題造成的題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)，讓學(xué)生習(xí)慣猜題和熟悉A、B、C、D。對(duì)策：平時(shí)多做非選擇題，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的動(dòng)手能力，養(yǎng)成勤表達(dá)的良好習(xí)慣，包括口頭和筆頭。,一、 2006年中考反思,癥狀2、學(xué)生的語言綜合運(yùn)用能力、分析問題和解決問題的能力較差。具體表現(xiàn)在聽力理

5、解和閱讀理解中“深層理解和需要概括、歸納的題目”上失分較多；完形填空得分不高。原因：1）課堂上大量的知識(shí)講解沒有真正培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的能力。 2）平時(shí)的題目以考查知識(shí)點(diǎn)、直白信息和淺層理解的占絕大多數(shù)。對(duì)策：1）學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)的目的是為了運(yùn)用知識(shí)，課堂教學(xué)要積極創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用知識(shí)去解決問題。 2）題目的設(shè)計(jì)要有剃度，從知識(shí)到技能，再到能力。,一、 2006年中考反思,癥狀3、學(xué)生思維僵化，語

6、言單一，缺乏自信和冒險(xiǎn) 精神。原因：教師把活生生的語言規(guī)則化；答案標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化；反 饋單一化；題目設(shè)計(jì)沒有提供自由發(fā)揮的空間。對(duì)策：1）活化語言，在情景中教語言，語言在情景中才具有生命力。不同的語言可以表達(dá)相同的意思，同樣的語言在不同的情景中表達(dá)的意思不一樣。 2）給學(xué)生自由表達(dá)的機(jī)會(huì)，張揚(yáng)學(xué)生的個(gè)性。 3）多元化評(píng)價(jià)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自信和冒險(xiǎn)精神。,,Pat Alex(P)

7、comes by to see Li Hong(L). They talk about the party last night and about the weather.P: Hi, Li Hong.L: Hi, Pat. 76 P: Because it was so cold and rainy.L: 77 ! It was a really good party. Hey, why don’t we go fo

8、r a walk this afternoon, Pat?P: Go for a walk? But it’s so cold out.L: Cold out? 78 ?P: About 13℃L: 13℃ ? 79 .Just wait until winter.P: Why?L: Well… it snows a lot and sometimes it’s very cold. Last winter it w

9、as 7℃ below zero for three weeks. And it was windy, too.P: That sounds terrible!L: 80 .The sun was out almost every day.,,76.Why didn’t you go to the party last night.77.What a pity/ That’s too bad/ Too bad.78.Wha

10、t’s the temperature.79.That’s not cold/ It wasn’t cold at all/It’s not cold80.It’s wasn’t all that terrible/That wasn’t so bad/No/I wouldn’t say that/ Not terrible.,2007年中考解讀,2007大綱卷考試形式與試卷結(jié)構(gòu)2007課標(biāo)卷考試形式與試卷結(jié)構(gòu),2007

11、大綱卷考試形式與試卷結(jié)構(gòu),1、沒有系統(tǒng)或?qū)ｉT學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)“測(cè)試”的理論知識(shí)，只是模仿或憑感覺、憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)，學(xué)生會(huì)錯(cuò)什么就考什么，特別是單選題的命制。2、花在研究教學(xué)的時(shí)間多，對(duì)于試題的命制則沒有特別研究。3、對(duì)初三復(fù)習(xí)課的目的很清楚，但未能把理念轉(zhuǎn)化為真正的課堂教學(xué)行為。4、想方設(shè)法多占用學(xué)生的時(shí)間，但很少鉆研復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)方法，做到復(fù)以習(xí)省時(shí)高效。5、思維已成定勢(shì)，認(rèn)為復(fù)習(xí)課不用備課，拿到教材歸納知識(shí)點(diǎn)，拿到試卷對(duì)對(duì)答案。,2007課標(biāo)卷考

12、試形式與試卷結(jié)構(gòu),,二、測(cè)試?yán)碚摚ㄒ唬┙虒W(xué)與測(cè)試的關(guān)系,測(cè)試和教學(xué)是什么關(guān)系？?jī)煞N完全對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)：其一，測(cè)試是教學(xué)的中心，即“應(yīng)試教學(xué)”（teach to test）；其二，測(cè)試是為教學(xué)服務(wù)的（Davies 1968:5; 楊惠中1999：16），即測(cè)試應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循和模仿教學(xué)的模式（Testing should follow and ape teaching）(Davies 1968:5)。你的觀點(diǎn)是什么？,（一）教學(xué)與測(cè)試的關(guān)系

13、,語言教學(xué)與語言測(cè)試的關(guān)系是一種“伙伴關(guān)系”（relationship of partnership），“合作關(guān)系” (Huges,2000:2) ，兩者相互聯(lián)系、相互影響，忽視任何一方，另一方都無法正常運(yùn)作（Both teaching and testing are closely interrelated that it is virtually impossible to work in either field without

14、being constantly concerned with the other）。測(cè)試既為教學(xué)服務(wù)，又直接影響教學(xué)，并對(duì)教學(xué)產(chǎn)生一定的反撥作用，這種反撥作用或有益于教學(xué)，或妨礙教學(xué)。,（二）語言測(cè)試的四個(gè)要素,任何語言測(cè)試，尤其是大規(guī)模、高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的語言測(cè)試必須具備四個(gè)要素：效度、信度、可行性和對(duì)教學(xué)積極的反撥作用。,效 度（Validity）,“語言測(cè)試的效度，亦稱有效性，或者說，在多大程度上，是為了目的所要考的”（李筱菊

15、1997：49）。效度的概念包括以下幾個(gè)方面：結(jié)構(gòu)效度（語言測(cè)試的理論基礎(chǔ)）、內(nèi)容效度（足夠的、具有代表性的、相關(guān)的抽樣）、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)關(guān)聯(lián)效度（與外在的獨(dú)立的、得到廣泛認(rèn)可的測(cè)試相比較，含同期效度和預(yù)測(cè)效度）和表面效度（外行對(duì)測(cè)試的印象）。,信 度（Reliability）,語言測(cè)試的信度是指語言測(cè)試結(jié)果的一致性程度。信度包括三個(gè)方面：測(cè)試本身的信度、受試在不同情況下的表現(xiàn)以及評(píng)分的信度。,可行性與對(duì)教學(xué)的反撥作用,除效度、信度外，

16、可行性是語言測(cè)試的另一要素。一項(xiàng)測(cè)試只有在其人力、物力、時(shí)間許可的范圍內(nèi)才具可行性?？尚行灾饕c實(shí)施測(cè)試的方法以及在多大程度上是否要建立和采用某項(xiàng)測(cè)試有關(guān)（辜向東2002：68-69）。與此同時(shí)，還要考慮測(cè)試對(duì)教學(xué)的反撥作用。,在主、客觀測(cè)試中，效度、信度、可行性和對(duì)教學(xué)的反撥作用四者之間的關(guān)系如下：,項(xiàng)目 主觀性測(cè)試 客觀性測(cè)試 ( Item )

17、 ( Subjective ) ( Objective )效度（Validity） 更高（Higher） 更低（Lower）信度（Reliability）更低（Lower） 更高（Higher）可行性 可行性更小 可行性更大( Practicality） ( Less practical) ( M

18、ore practical) 反撥作用 更積極的 更負(fù)面的(Backwash effect） ( More positive) ( Less positive),（三）命題原則,[試卷結(jié)構(gòu)]效度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：是否考了所要考的？→即：考試分?jǐn)?shù)在多大程度上體現(xiàn)了考生的語言能力？→即：分?jǐn)?shù)的準(zhǔn)確性。信度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：是否保證考試分?jǐn)?shù)的公平性？→即：考試分?jǐn)?shù)在多大程度上不受評(píng)分誤

19、差的影響？→即：分?jǐn)?shù)的一致性。,（三）命題原則,[試題內(nèi)容]→代表性：考試內(nèi)容是否是教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)？→覆蓋面：考試內(nèi)容是否涵蓋教學(xué)的主要內(nèi)容？在試題設(shè)計(jì)/命題時(shí)，我們始終要問：它考了學(xué)生的什么能力/或是能激活學(xué)生什么樣的考試過程/行為？是我們想要考的嗎？評(píng)分是否有誤差？如何控制評(píng)分誤差？,（四）有關(guān)中考,1、基本目標(biāo) 試題具有較高的效度、相當(dāng)?shù)男哦?、適當(dāng)?shù)碾y度、必要的區(qū)分度；確保試卷的指導(dǎo)性、基礎(chǔ)性、科學(xué)性、全面性、有效性。

20、確保試題的信度和效度，以使考試的形式有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)考查的目的，使考試結(jié)果盡可能準(zhǔn)確地反映學(xué)生的實(shí)際水平，充分發(fā)揮中考的鑒定功能和激勵(lì)功能。,2、測(cè)試應(yīng)遵循的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和原則,何謂一份好試卷？具備五個(gè)要素、遵循六大原則。,1）英語測(cè)試的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn),英語測(cè)試是檢測(cè)學(xué)生綜合語言運(yùn)用能力發(fā)展程度的重要途徑。好的語言測(cè)試一般應(yīng)具有五個(gè)特征：有效性(validity)、可靠性(reliability)、區(qū)分性(discrimination)、實(shí)用性(feas

21、ibility)和教育性，即良好的反撥作用（backwash effect）。,2）中考命題的六大原則,1、依據(jù)《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》來確定考查的內(nèi)容和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。就是說命題不應(yīng)該以教材為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 2、著重考查學(xué)生的綜合語言運(yùn)用能力。3、要充分考慮學(xué)生的實(shí)際生活和身心發(fā)展水平。4、要選用真實(shí)、地道的語言素材，根據(jù)語言的實(shí)際使用情形命題。 5、要確保試題的信度和效度，杜絕繁、偏、舊的試題，并控制題量。6、要根據(jù)試題的考查目的和考查重點(diǎn)科學(xué)、合

22、理地指定評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。,3）英語新課程目標(biāo),基礎(chǔ)教育階段英語課程的總體目標(biāo)是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的綜合語言運(yùn)用能力。綜合語言運(yùn)用能力的形成建立在學(xué)生語言技能、語言知識(shí)、情感態(tài)度、學(xué)習(xí)策略和文化意識(shí)等素養(yǎng)整體發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上。語言知識(shí)和語言技能是綜合語言運(yùn)用能力的基礎(chǔ)，文化意識(shí)是得體運(yùn)用語言的保證。情感態(tài)度是影響學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展的重要因素，學(xué)習(xí)策略是提高學(xué)習(xí)效率、發(fā)展自主學(xué)習(xí)能力的保證。這五個(gè)方面共同促進(jìn)綜合語言運(yùn)用能力的形成。,4）課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)五級(jí)應(yīng)達(dá)到的綜合

23、語言運(yùn)用能力目標(biāo),有較明確的英語學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)和積極主動(dòng)的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度。能聽懂教師有關(guān)熟悉話題的陳述并參與討論。能就日常生活的各種話題與他人交換信息并陳述自己的意見。能讀懂供7-9年級(jí)學(xué)生閱讀的簡(jiǎn)單讀物和報(bào)刊、雜志，克服生詞障礙，理解大意。能根據(jù)閱讀目的運(yùn)用適當(dāng)?shù)拈喿x策略。能根據(jù)提示起草和修改小作文。能與他人合作，解決問題并報(bào)告結(jié)果，共同完成學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)。能對(duì)自己的學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)，總結(jié)學(xué)習(xí)方法。能利用多種教育資源進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)。進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)對(duì)文化差異的理解與認(rèn)

24、識(shí)。,3、2007年英語中考走勢(shì),1）新課程英語中考注重考查能力，那么具體考查學(xué)生哪些方面的能力呢？英語學(xué)業(yè)考試應(yīng)側(cè)重考查學(xué)生的語言技能、語言知識(shí)、跨文化交際意識(shí)以及跨文化交際的能力?！队⒄Z課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中提到的學(xué)習(xí)策略和情感態(tài)度在試題中不能直接進(jìn)行考查。因此，新課程英語中考考查學(xué)生以下五個(gè)方面的能力：聽力技能；口語技能；閱讀技能；寫作技能；語言知識(shí)的運(yùn)用能力。,2）語言知識(shí)的運(yùn)用能力 具體指什么？,語言知識(shí)的運(yùn)用能力指的是學(xué)

25、生在一定的語境中運(yùn)用語言知識(shí)、語法知識(shí)和語用知識(shí)的能力。對(duì)知識(shí)的考查既不能孤立地考查某些知識(shí)點(diǎn)，也不能機(jī)械地考查學(xué)生對(duì)知識(shí)的記憶情況。單元練習(xí)考查的是語言知識(shí)，但是在語境中運(yùn)用知識(shí)就是要在給出句子的邏輯中去判斷答案，這是中考命題的新思路。,3）中考改革的發(fā)展趨勢(shì),針對(duì)教學(xué)目標(biāo)，采用以折中主義為理念的交際語言能力（communicative language ability）測(cè)試模式（Bachman,2000），盡量使用直接的語言行為測(cè)試

26、，重點(diǎn)測(cè)量學(xué)生在一定語境中運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行有效交際的能力。減少離散題和客觀題，增加主觀題的比例。盡可能使用真實(shí)的語言材料，在考試的閱讀材料（包括簡(jiǎn)短問答題和完型填空題）中，增加文章的標(biāo)題。新增實(shí)用性、真實(shí)性并舉的作文考試題。,4）課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與修訂大綱對(duì)照表,,四、中考命題技術(shù),（一）聽力測(cè)試（二）單項(xiàng)填空（三）完型填空（四）閱讀理解（五）補(bǔ)全對(duì)話（六）書面表達(dá),（一）聽力測(cè)試,評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容與目標(biāo)評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)生從有聲材料中獲取信息的能力。其評(píng)

27、價(jià)目標(biāo)為通過有關(guān)熟悉話題的對(duì)話或獨(dú)白（短文），根據(jù)語調(diào)和重音，理解說話者的意圖，并從中提取信息。(Information including 身份who/whom, 地點(diǎn)where, 時(shí)間when, 原因why, 方式how, 數(shù)量how many,內(nèi)容what: making comparisons, making judgment, making inferences作出推斷，理解說話人的語氣、心緒和summarizing歸納、總結(jié)

28、等。),聽力和閱讀問題的設(shè)計(jì),Plain facts or Students’ critical thinking Plain facts 1、When did this story happen? A. March 14. B. March 15. C. March 16. 2. Where did the story happen?3. Who was making a report when someone

29、 fell off a chair?4. How many teachers attended the meeting? Critical thinkingWhat do you think of Wen Aiying’s report? A. Good. B. Not good. C. We don’t know.,命題原則,聽力材料口語化、生活化，語言地道，具有情景，增加信息輸入量，試題以特殊問句方式或表格形式給出，

30、各選項(xiàng)一般為三個(gè)，問題印在試卷上；表格為五個(gè)空格。,聽力測(cè)試A）部分,是評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)生從有聲材料中獲取信息的能力。其評(píng)價(jià)目標(biāo)為通過有關(guān)熟悉話題的簡(jiǎn)短對(duì)話，根據(jù)語調(diào)和重音，理解說話者的意圖，并從中提取信息。,,材料1：M: Can I take your coat, madam? W: Thank you. M: And would you like something to drink befor

31、e you order your meal?材料2：M: Well, I’ll be leaving now. W: Must you go so soon？,例如：,Q1: Where are they? A. In a clothes shop. B. In a restaurant. C. In a coffee shop. Q2: What does the woman mean

32、? A. She wants him to stay longer. B.She knows he must go soon. C. She wants him to go now.,聽力測(cè)試B）部分,所涉及的內(nèi)容為學(xué)生所熟悉的話題內(nèi)容，如談?wù)撎鞖?、家庭、活?dòng)、購(gòu)物、看病、打電話、聚會(huì)、旅游等。試題均以特殊問句的方式給出。其評(píng)價(jià)目標(biāo)為能聽懂接近正常語速的有關(guān)熟悉話題的談話，并能從中提取信息和觀點(diǎn)。,,M: Goo

33、d afternoon, madam. Can I help you?W: Well, I seem to have lost my handbag.M: Oh, I’m sorry. Could you tell me what it looks like?W: OK. It’s a brown bag. Oh, No, it’s black.M: Black?W: Yes, and it’s made of leather

34、.M: Fine. Have you got anything inside?W: Well, my mobile phone is in there, and, er, my money. I mean all of my money is in there. I have about 50 pounds.M: I see.W: Oh, I have a little address book.M: Any photos i

35、n it?W: No.M: Fine. Could I know your name?W: I’m Jane Parker.M: Yes, madam.,For example:,1. What color is the woman’s bag? A. Brown. B. Black. C. Blue.2. Which of the following is not in her bag? A. A wa

36、llet. B. A mobile phone. C. An address book.3. How does the woman feel? A. Worried. B. Angry. C. Surprised.4. What can we learn from the dialogue? A. The woman lost it in the morning. B. It’s a pr

37、esent from her husband. C. It’s a leather bag.,聽力測(cè)試C）部分,為短文獨(dú)白的理解。其所涉及的內(nèi)容為學(xué)生所熟悉的學(xué)習(xí)和生活經(jīng)歷。短文的長(zhǎng)度一般在150個(gè)詞左右。該部分的評(píng)價(jià)目標(biāo)是聽懂接近正常語速的短文，理解短文所敘述的事實(shí)及說話者的意圖、態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)。新課標(biāo)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容按要求作適當(dāng)?shù)挠涗洝?,例題 11. Where are they? A. In a office. B.

38、In a market. C. In a hospital.12. What’s the trouble with Mr. Nelson?A.    He has got a toothache. B. He had a tooth pulled out. C.    He has to look over the other tooth. 13. W

39、hat does the woman want to do?A.    He has a tooth pulled out. B. He sleeps for a day long.B.    He presses the tooth like this.,,聽力材料： W: What’s the trouble, Mr. Nelson? M: It’s th

40、is tooth here. It’s aching. W: I see. Has it given you a lot of trouble? M: Yes, it kept me awake last night. W: Just let me have a look. Open wide, please. Hmm, now I’ll just look over the other teeth..

41、M: You mean you look at them right now. W: Yes, open wide, please. Now when I press like this, does it hurt? M: Ouch. W: It seems that this tooth needs pulling out. M: Doctor, it’s felling well. W: I’m afr

42、aid not. （CCA ）,,Dialogue 111.What are the two speakers going to do this evening?A.  Have dinner in a restaurant. B. Go to see friends. C. Make Sichuan food.12.Why doesn’t the man feel like having Sichuan

43、 food today?A.Because it’s too expensive. B. Because it’s too hot.C. Because the restaurant is too far.13.What kind of food do they both like?A. Chinese food. B. Fast food. C. Italian food.,1. What

44、’s the strongest reason for Englishmen often to go to pubs? A. To meet their friends. B. To relax themselves. C. To drink beer.2. What should a woman do if she wants to visit an English Pub? A. Go there alone.

45、 B. Go there with her friends. C. Go there with a man.3. According to the passage, how long do pubs usually stay open? A. 13 hours. B. 12 hours. C. 11 hours.4. Which of the following is true for many En

46、glishmen? A. They feel lucky in a pub. B. They are not interested in their jobs. C. They can tell their troubles to bar girls whenever they want to.5. What can we learn from the passage? A. Englishmen enjoy goin

47、g to pubs. B. The pub is the best place for Englishmen to go to after work. C. The speaker likes pubs very much. (BCABA)(6. Who is the speaker? A. A man. B. A woman. C. We can’t decide. ),The word ‘pub’ is t

48、he short for ‘public house’ in Great Britain. It’s the Englishmen’s favorite meeting place, where they can get together with friends over a pint of beer and talk about football, or horse racing, or business. Pubs are usu

49、ally open from 11 a.m. to midnight.You may notice that the pub is the Englishmen’s meeting place. It’s not quite fit for a woman to go into a pub alone. She must have a man to go with her. Perhaps that’s partly the reas

50、on why pubs makes me unhappy.Most Englishmen have their favorite place, where they can relax themselves, and if they are lucky, tell their troubles to a beautiful bargirl. Indeed, many men dream of retiring from their 9

51、-5 jobs and buying a little country pub, where they imagine they will be the host of a seven nights a week party.,David R. Smith is going to study at Fudan University in September, so he has to find a room to live in. He

52、 only needs a single room because housing is so expensive in Shanghai. He wants to find a room at lower price, about 350 yuan a month, for it is not easy for him, a first year student, to find a good part-time job quickl

53、y.Could you help him? If so, please e-mail him before July 31th. His e-mail address is David@ Yahoo. com .,（二）知識(shí)運(yùn)用,知識(shí)運(yùn)用部分又分為兩節(jié)：“語法和詞匯”和“完形填空”。,1、語法和詞匯,語法和詞匯，即單項(xiàng)填空，主要考查考生的語法知識(shí)和運(yùn)用語法知識(shí)的能力，以及對(duì)詞語和詞語搭配、習(xí)慣用語等的正確理解能力。這部分試題覆蓋面

54、廣，淡化了語法，突出了語言的實(shí)用性，試題重點(diǎn)突出，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞用法能力的考查。從設(shè)計(jì)的角度看，這部分考查的重點(diǎn)不是語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯記憶，而是把語法和詞匯知識(shí)的測(cè)試放在適當(dāng)?shù)那榫爸?，?qiáng)調(diào)了語言知識(shí)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用和交際功能。大多數(shù)題目考查考生在特定語境中理解和運(yùn)用語法、詞匯等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的能力。,2、單項(xiàng)選擇題的命題技術(shù),A、要科學(xué)、合理地設(shè)計(jì)考點(diǎn)。 B、試題設(shè)計(jì)要具有嚴(yán)密的科學(xué)性和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性。C、選項(xiàng)本身在語法上應(yīng)該是正確的。D、選項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)度要適當(dāng)、均衡

55、。E、要保證試題的答案沒有爭(zhēng)議。F、要考查學(xué)生根據(jù)情景（上下文）的判斷推理能力G、題干越簡(jiǎn)潔越好。,A、要科學(xué)、合理地設(shè)計(jì)考點(diǎn),1. ---I went to New York. ---Did you? ---Yes, I’ve just come back. 2.---Have you heard of the accident about Lucy and her father?---Accident?

56、No, I haven’t. Tell me about it.3. ---909--365—2781. ---Just let me check that. 909—365—2781. ---That’s it.,,1. ---I went to New York. ---______ you? ---Yes, I’ve just come back.A. Have B. Did

57、 C. Will D. Do2.---Have you heard of the accident about Lucy and her father?---Accident? No, I haven’t. Tell me about ______.A. it B. her C. him D. them5. ---909--365—2781. ---Just le

58、t me _____ that. 909—365—2781. ---That’s it.A. say B. check C. find D. catch,B、試題設(shè)計(jì)要具有嚴(yán)密的科學(xué)性和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性,The three months of spring in China are ______. A. December, January and February B. March,

59、 April and MayC. January, February and March,C、選項(xiàng)本身在語法上應(yīng)該是正確的。,3. ---Do you often go to those big concerts?---Sometimes. I like listening to CDs ______.A. very much. B. better C. best D. a little4. Whe

60、n you talk with others, try to talk about ______ they are interested in.A. everything B. nothing C. something D. anything5. ─ Every year, millions of fishes are killed by the polluted water. ─

61、____ we should do something to stop it. (2007年樣卷) A. If B. Unless C. But D. So6. ─ How much shall I pay for the telephone call? ─ You _______. It’s free. (2007年樣卷)A. should no

62、t B. can’t C. don’t have to D. mustn’t,E、要保證試題的答案沒有爭(zhēng)議,You were in Shanghai last week, ______ you? A. were B. weren’t C. did D. didn’t ---Would you mind if I open the window? ---

63、______, though it’s a little cold. A. Yes, please B. Sure C. Not at all D. Sorry,F、要考查學(xué)生根據(jù)情景（上下文）的判斷推理能力,---Hi, Lin Tao! Where _____ you just now?（缺乏情景） ---I went to the playground. A. wer

64、e B. are C. have been D. will be---What about flying to London?---We can’t ______ it. Taking a train is cheaper./ Maybe we’re going there by train.A. make B. keep C. plan D. afford I can’t rem

65、ember when exactly the Blacks left ______city. I only remember it was ______Saturday. A. the, the B. a, the C. a, a D. the, a,（二）完填空,“完型填空”試題的命制，基本上遵循“突出語篇，強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)用，注重實(shí)際”的設(shè)計(jì)思路。試題特點(diǎn)鮮明，“考查考生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)詞匯知識(shí)的掌握情況”

66、，即要求考生通讀短文，掌握文章大意，綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)的詞匯、語法等知識(shí)，從試題所提供的詞匯、短語中判斷出是短文意思通順、結(jié)構(gòu)完整的詞匯或短語。,完形填空題考查趨勢(shì),將由局部理解向整體理解轉(zhuǎn)移：試題考查點(diǎn)減少了單句層次的試題，明顯增加了語篇理解的試題；設(shè)問角度突出考查對(duì)整 、對(duì)上下文乃至全篇的理解?？疾辄c(diǎn)設(shè)置的三個(gè)層面首先，“點(diǎn)”的層面。答題時(shí)只需考慮設(shè)空所在的句子的意思便可得出答案，屬于較易試題。其次，“線”的層面。答題時(shí)需要弄清楚前后

67、幾個(gè)句子甚至上下一兩段段意才能找出答案，屬于中等難度試題。最后，“面”的層面?？疾榭忌鷮?duì)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行邏輯分析，推理判斷能力。在做”點(diǎn)”、“先、線”的基礎(chǔ)上才能做好面的題。答題時(shí)必須通觀全文，從整體角度考慮才能判斷出最佳答案，屬于較難試題。,完形填空命題原則,1） 選材 與當(dāng)代英語國(guó)家人士的生活關(guān)系密切（觀點(diǎn)、情感、意識(shí)、 時(shí)尚等 上下文聯(lián)系緊湊

68、 富含可考項(xiàng)目2）挖空 第一句不挖空 各類題均勻分布（動(dòng)詞略多） 試題在短文中均勻分布（相鄰兩個(gè)空格之間，間隔10詞左右） 避免相互依存的題 避免答案出現(xiàn)在試卷中的其他地方3）選項(xiàng) 正確答案必須是短文中被挖掉的詞或短語（未經(jīng)改寫） 干擾項(xiàng)有干擾性 干擾項(xiàng)是正確項(xiàng)的干擾項(xiàng)，而不是干擾項(xiàng)的干擾項(xiàng) 干擾項(xiàng)不應(yīng)相互包容

69、 須是正確的英語表達(dá)形式 4） 考查目的明確,立足語篇理解.,Where did you go yesterday？Did you hear music at any of those places？Today most stores and restaurants play music. You might even hear music in an office or on a farm.Scientists beli

70、eve that music changes the way people behave(舉止).According to some scientists, the sound of western classical（古典的）music makes people feel richer. When a restaurant plays classical music, people spend more money on food

71、and drinks. When the restaurant plays modern music, people spend less money. With no music, people spend even less.Scientists also believe that loud, fast music makes people eat faster. In fact, people eat their food fa

72、ster when the music get faster. Some restaurants play fast music during their busy hours. This gets people to eat faster and leave quickly. Restaurants can make more money this way.Some scientists think that music makes

73、 you think and learn better. They say that music helps students to be more active. It is true that people learn better when they are relaxed. And listening to music and help you relax.The next time you hear music somewh