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1、血液系統(tǒng)疾病,Blood system disease,Features Of Hematopoiesis And Blood In Children,Nutritional Anemia,小兒造血、血像特點(diǎn)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)性貧血,Abstract,Features Of Hematopoiesis And Blood In Children Anemia In Children—General IntroductionNutritiona

2、l iron deficiency anemia(IDA)Nutritional Megaloblastic Anemia,purpose,To understand features of hematopoiesis and blood in children To comprehend clinical features, diagnosis and therapy of anemia. To understand the d

3、efinition, grade division and classification of anemia in children. To master etiology, pathogenosis, diagnosis, therapy and prevention of nutritional iron deficiency anemia and nutritional megaloblastic anemia.,Feature

4、s of hematopoiesis in children,小兒造血特點(diǎn),Features of hematopoiesis in children,一、Hematopoiesis in fetal period(胎兒期造血) Developmental hematopoiesis occurs in three anatomic stages—mesoblastic(中胚層), hepatic(肝), and myeloid(

5、骨髓).,,Hematopoiesis in fetal period,,yolk sac,liver,spleen,Bone marrow,lymph node,Time of Hematopoiesis,Blood cell,Features of Hematopoiesis in children,二、Hematopoiesis after birth Hematopoesis in bone marrow Extra

6、medullary hematopoiesis (骨髓外造血),Hematopoesis in bone marrow,red bone marrow(紅骨髓): in infant and toddler periodYellow bone marrow(黃骨髓):after 5~7y, 潛在造血功能,Hematopoesis in bone marrow,Yellow bone marrow(黃骨髓) can come b

7、ack to red bone marrow(紅骨髓)when hematopoetic need increases Yellow bone marrow is deficiency in children, especially in infant and toddler period,Extramedullary hemopoiesis(髓外造血),When hematopoietic demand increases, liv

8、er, spleen and lymph nodes come back to the status to produce blood cellshepatomegaly(肝腫大) and splenomegaly(脾腫大) appears and maybe there are immature erythrocytes and granulocytes in circulating bloodExtramedullary he

9、mopoiesis is the specific phenomena only appearing in infant and toddler,Extramedullary hemopoiesis(髓外造血),年齡:in infant and toddler病因: When hematopoietic demand increases. E.g. anemia(貧血)造血部位: liver, spleen and lymph

10、 nodes come back to the status to produce blood cells體征: hepatomegaly(肝腫大) and splenomegaly(脾腫大),Extramedullary hemopoiesis(髓外造血),血象: there are immature erythrocytes and granulocytes in circulating blood,Features of blo

11、od in children,小兒血象特點(diǎn),血容量blood capacitance,新生兒:占體重10%兒童:占體重8-10%成人:占體重6-8%,Erythrocyte and hemoglobin,,Erythrocyte and hemoglobin,Hemoglobin,,,At birth,1 yr,2 yr,Hemoglobin,Leucocyte count,,0,0,0,0,0,Leucocyte count,Di

12、fferential count of WBC (白細(xì)胞分類計(jì)數(shù)),,Differential count of WBC (白細(xì)胞分類計(jì)數(shù)),血小板blood platelet,出生時(shí)偏低,以后增多(但>10萬)正常:10-30萬,Anemia In Children--General Introduction,小兒貧血總論,貧血的定義Definition of anemia,外周血中單位容積內(nèi)的紅細(xì)胞數(shù)、血紅蛋白量或紅細(xì)胞

13、壓積低于正常值但臨床上通常用血紅蛋白量低于正常值來診斷貧血,The criterion of anemia,海拔每升高1000米,血紅蛋白上升4%,生理性貧血Physiologic Anemia,定義 特指生后2~3月且無病理性因素存在時(shí), RBC< 3.0 x 1012/L、Hb<100g/L輕度貧血原因自主呼吸/ EPO / RBC壽命/ 生長(zhǎng)快/ 循環(huán)血量↑特點(diǎn)自限性 ,無需治療,貧血的分類Clas

14、sification of anemia,貧血程度分類病因分類細(xì)胞形態(tài)分類,貧血分度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)The criteria of degrees on anemia,根據(jù)外周血血紅蛋白含量或紅細(xì)胞數(shù)分為四度,貧血分度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)The criteria of degrees on anemia,新生兒貧血分度,病因分類Etiological classification,根據(jù)造成貧血的原因不同分為:紅細(xì)胞或血紅蛋白生成不足性貧血溶血性貧血失血

15、性貧血,紅細(xì)胞或血紅蛋白生成不足性貧血,造血物質(zhì)缺乏缺鐵性貧血巨幼細(xì)胞貧血維生素B6缺乏性貧血銅缺乏、維生素C缺乏、蛋白缺乏等骨髓造血功能障礙再生障礙性貧血單純紅細(xì)胞再生障礙性貧血其他感染性及炎癥性貧血慢性腎病所致貧血,鉛中毒,癌癥性貧血,溶血性貧血,紅細(xì)胞內(nèi)在異常紅細(xì)胞膜結(jié)構(gòu)缺陷如遺傳性球形紅細(xì)胞增多癥紅細(xì)胞酶缺乏如G-6-PD缺乏、丙酮酸激酶缺乏癥血紅蛋白合成或結(jié)構(gòu)異常如地中海貧血、血紅蛋白病紅細(xì)胞

16、外在因素免疫因素如新生兒溶血癥,自身免疫性溶血性貧血,藥物所致的免疫性溶血性貧血等非免疫因素感染、物理化學(xué)因素、毒素、脾功能亢進(jìn)、DIC,失血性貧血,急性失血慢性失血,病因分類Etiological classification,小兒貧血原因,造血減少,溶血,失血,,,,,造血物質(zhì)缺乏,造血功能障礙,缺鐵性缺VB12缺葉酸缺VB6,骨髓造血不良:再生障礙性貧血,紅細(xì)胞內(nèi)在異常,紅細(xì)胞外在因素,膜缺陷,血紅蛋白,酶缺乏,

17、球形紅細(xì)胞增多癥,G-6-PDR缺乏,地中海貧血,,非免疫,免疫,新生兒溶血癥,感染物理化學(xué)毒素脾功亢進(jìn),失血,慢性,急性,臟器破裂,蟯蟲病,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,形態(tài)分類Morphological classification,根據(jù)紅細(xì)胞數(shù)、血紅蛋白量、紅細(xì)壓積計(jì)算:紅細(xì)胞平均容積(MCV)紅細(xì)胞平均血紅蛋白(MCH)紅細(xì)胞平均血紅蛋白濃度(MCHC)根據(jù)MCV、 MCH、 MCHC三者結(jié)果分為四

18、類,形態(tài)分類Morphological classification,Blood routine Hypochromic microcytic Macrocytic Normocytic (Hb↓>RBC↓) (Hb↓<RBC↓) (Hb↓=RBC↓) IDA (缺鐵性貧血) m

19、egaloblastic   acute bleedingThalassemia       Vit B12↓↓ hemolytic anemia sideroblastic anemia folic acid ↓ aplastic anemia Chronic infection

20、 most of secondary anemia,,,,,,,分類方法表,貧血的共同臨床表現(xiàn)The common cl

21、inical manifestations of anemia,一般表現(xiàn)皮膚粘膜蒼白、乏力、黃疸、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育遲緩造血器官反應(yīng):骨髓外造血表現(xiàn)肝脾淋巴結(jié)腫大外周血中可見:有核紅細(xì)胞、幼稚粒細(xì)胞各系統(tǒng)的表現(xiàn)循環(huán)系統(tǒng)呼吸系統(tǒng)消化系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),小兒貧血的診斷The diagnosis of anemia of children,貧血的原因,依據(jù):詢問病史體格檢查實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,詢問病史時(shí)應(yīng)注意,發(fā)病年齡病程經(jīng)過和伴隨癥狀喂

22、養(yǎng)史過去史家族史,發(fā)病年齡,新生兒:溶血,失血嬰幼兒:營(yíng)養(yǎng),先天、感染兒童:慢性,造血,病程經(jīng)過,急性:出血,溶血慢性:營(yíng)養(yǎng),溶血,失血,伴隨癥狀,伴有黃疸和血紅蛋白尿——溶血伴有嘔血、便血、血尿、瘀斑——出血性疾病伴有神經(jīng)和精神癥狀——VB12缺乏伴骨病——骨髓浸潤(rùn)性病變,伴發(fā)熱、肝脾及淋巴結(jié)腫大——腫瘤性病變,喂養(yǎng)史,單純?nèi)轭愇桂B(yǎng)未及時(shí)添加輔食——缺鐵、巨幼飲食質(zhì)量差或搭配不合理——缺鐵,過去史,寄生蟲慢性:消

23、化道,結(jié)核,肝腎藥物史:氯霉素、磺胺藥居住環(huán)境:疫水區(qū)、化學(xué)物質(zhì),家族史,遺傳性球形紅細(xì)胞增多癥G-6-PD缺乏地中海貧血血友病等等,體格檢查,生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況皮膚、粘膜蒼白,蒼黃,出血點(diǎn)、瘀斑,黃疸指甲和毛發(fā)菲薄、脆弱,匙形反甲,頭發(fā)細(xì)黃、干稀、無光澤、呈絨毛狀肝脾和淋巴結(jié)腫大貧血對(duì)各系統(tǒng)的影響,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,外周血象骨髓檢查血紅蛋白分析檢查紅細(xì)胞脆性試驗(yàn)特殊檢查,外周血象,RBCHbMCVMC

24、HMCHC涂片鏡檢WBC、BPC網(wǎng)織RBC計(jì)數(shù),,,有無貧血,,,細(xì)胞形態(tài)分類,,細(xì)胞形態(tài)分類,大致病因,涂片鏡檢,紅細(xì)胞小、染色淺、中央淡染色區(qū)擴(kuò)大——缺鐵紅細(xì)胞球形,染色深——遺傳性球形紅細(xì)胞增多癥紅細(xì)胞大小不等,染色淺,異形、靶形、碎片——地中海貧血紅細(xì)胞形態(tài)正?!毙匀苎⒃煅系K,網(wǎng)織RBC計(jì)數(shù),反映骨髓造血功能增多:急慢溶血或失血減少:再障、營(yíng)養(yǎng)性貧血,骨髓檢查,決定性意義白血病再障營(yíng)養(yǎng)性巨幼細(xì)胞貧

25、血診斷價(jià)值:骨髓病變白血病轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,血紅蛋白分析檢查,血紅蛋白堿變性試驗(yàn)血紅蛋白電泳包涵體生成試驗(yàn),,,異常血紅蛋白病地中海貧血,紅細(xì)胞脆性試驗(yàn),增高:遺傳性球形紅細(xì)胞增多癥減低:地中海貧血,特殊檢查,紅細(xì)胞酶活力測(cè)定:酶缺陷抗人球蛋白試驗(yàn):自身免疫性溶血血清鐵鐵蛋白紅細(xì)胞游離原卟啉核素51鉻:測(cè)定紅細(xì)胞壽命基因分析方法:遺傳性溶血性貧血,,缺鐵性貧血,常用貧血實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查步驟,二系以上異常,貧血診斷(三部曲),外

26、周血象,病 史,體格檢查,有無貧血及程度,RBC形態(tài)+Ret計(jì)數(shù)+WBC+BPC,,大致原因,,A. 遺傳性球形細(xì)胞增多癥,B. β地中海貧血,C. 橢圓形細(xì)胞增多癥,D. 口形細(xì)胞增多癥,,,營(yíng)養(yǎng)性,溶血性,失血性,造血性,,,,,確定診斷,,,,,,,,,大致原因,,,,,脆性、酶學(xué)Hb分析,喂養(yǎng)史、生化治療反應(yīng),部位、凝血,骨髓涂片,地中海貧血G-6-PD,缺鐵性貧血巨幼細(xì)胞貧血,失血性貧血,再生障礙性貧血白血病,常見貧

27、血癥狀鑒別,營(yíng)養(yǎng)性貧血— 缺鐵性、巨幼細(xì)胞性貧血貧血+喂養(yǎng)史+生化檢查+治療反應(yīng) 溶血性貧血— 新生兒溶血病、地中海貧血貧血+黃疸+肝脾腫大+網(wǎng)織紅細(xì)胞再生不良性貧血— 再生障礙性貧血三系+網(wǎng)織紅細(xì)胞降低+無肝脾腫大,Treatment,去除病因一般療法藥物治療輸紅細(xì)胞造血干細(xì)胞移植并發(fā)癥治療,總論小結(jié),造血特點(diǎn):胚胎期、生后造血血象特點(diǎn):兩次交叉、生理性貧血、Hb種類病因分類:三大類貧血程度及基本臨床特

28、征貧血診斷三部曲,Nutritional iron deficiency anemia (IDA),營(yíng)養(yǎng)性缺鐵性貧血,Case 1,Zhou, male, 10 months old. Paleness in face and lips for 4 mons. His facial expression became more and more pale since 6 months of age. Without fever a

29、nd bleeding. He was premature birth at 33 weeks of gestational age and fed with Mother's milk only.,Case 1,Physical examination:Pallor. no jaundice and hemorrhagic spots in skin and sclera; Bilateral submandibular ly

30、mph nodes are 0.8×0.8cm. Breath sounds in lungs are distinct; there are no rhonchi and moist rale. HR 100/min.There is II/VI systolic murmur in precordial region. The liver and spleen enlarge to 4 cm and 3 cm below

31、 lower costa margin respectively.,Blood routine test,Do an anemia exist? Which kind of anemia does it belong?,questions,Hypochromic microcytic anemia (小細(xì)胞低色素性貧血),answer,What is the cause of anemia in the case above?,que

32、stions,The cause of anemia in the case above is deficiency of iron because he is premature and is fed with Mother's milk only.,answer,定義definition,由于體內(nèi)鐵缺乏,造成血紅蛋白合成減少引起的一種小細(xì)胞低色素貧血,其血清鐵蛋白減少、鐵劑治療有效,人體內(nèi)鐵元素含量及分布,體內(nèi)總鐵量,鐵的代

33、謝,人體內(nèi)鐵元素含量及分布,體內(nèi)鐵元素分布,鐵的代謝,鐵的來源,外源性鐵:食物 量少(1~1.5mg/d)動(dòng)物性食物血紅素鐵吸收率:10~25%母乳鐵吸收率比牛乳高5~6倍植物性食物非血紅素鐵吸收率:1.7~7.9%內(nèi)源性鐵:衰老RBC釋放 幾乎全部被再利用,鐵的代謝,鐵的吸收和運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),以Fe2+形式在十二指腸、空腸上段被吸收Fe2+ Fe3+Fe3++去鐵蛋白

34、 鐵蛋白(貯存鐵之一)Fe3++轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白(Tf) 血清鐵(被利用),鐵的代謝,,腸粘膜細(xì)胞,氧化劑,,,鐵的吸收和運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),腸粘膜細(xì)胞對(duì)鐵的吸收有調(diào)節(jié)作用,鐵的代謝,貯存鐵充足或造血功能減退,鐵蛋白合成↑,轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白受體(TfR)合成↓,腸粘膜細(xì)胞鐵蛋白↑,腸粘膜細(xì)胞脫落排出鐵↑,鐵吸收↓,血清鐵合成↓,鐵利用↓,,,,,,,,腸粘膜細(xì)胞生存期4-6天,鐵的吸收和運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),腸粘膜細(xì)胞對(duì)鐵的吸收有調(diào)節(jié)作用,鐵的代謝,缺鐵或造血功能增

35、加,鐵蛋白合成↓,轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白受體(TfR)合成↑,腸粘膜細(xì)胞鐵蛋白↓,腸粘膜細(xì)胞內(nèi)的鐵入血↑,鐵吸收↑,血清鐵合成↑,鐵利用↑,,,,,,,,相關(guān)名詞,貯存鐵:是以鐵蛋白和含鐵血黃素的形式儲(chǔ)存在腸粘膜細(xì)胞、血液、骨髓、網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)等血清鐵蛋白:血清中的貯存鐵轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白(Tf):在血漿中,參與組織間轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)鐵的蛋白,是在肝臟中產(chǎn)生的一種單肽鏈的β1球蛋白,其合成受肝細(xì)胞中鐵含量影響,當(dāng)鐵缺乏時(shí)合成率增高,鐵的代謝,相關(guān)名詞,血清鐵(SI):與

36、轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白結(jié)合的鐵。只有1/3轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白與鐵結(jié)合未飽和鐵結(jié)合力:其余2/3轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白與鐵結(jié)合的能力血清總鐵結(jié)合力(TIBC):血清中轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白的濃度。(血清鐵+未飽和鐵結(jié)合力)轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白飽和度(TS)= ×100%,鐵的代謝,影響鐵吸收的因素,有利于吸收的因素Fe3+ Fe2+維生素C、稀鹽酸、果糖、氨基酸不利于吸收的因素形成不溶性鐵

37、酸鹽磷酸、草酸抑制鐵吸收植物纖維、茶、咖啡、蛋、牛奶、抗酸藥物,鐵的代謝,,鐵的利用,鐵到達(dá)骨髓造血組織后,進(jìn)入幼紅細(xì)胞的線粒體Fe3++原卟啉→血紅素 珠蛋白Fe2+ Fe3+ + TfR Tf 造血組織合成肌紅蛋白參與某些酶的生物活性細(xì)胞色素C、單胺氧化酶、核糖核酸還原酶、琥珀酸脫氫酶等,鐵的代謝,,,血紅蛋白,,,,鐵的貯存,儲(chǔ)存方式鐵蛋白含鐵血黃素,鐵

38、的代謝,胎兒和兒童鐵代謝特點(diǎn),胎兒期鐵代謝特點(diǎn)孕后3個(gè)月獲得鐵量最多足月兒從母體獲得的鐵足夠其生后4-5月內(nèi)所需孕母嚴(yán)重缺鐵,影響胎兒獲得鐵量嬰幼兒期鐵代謝特點(diǎn)嬰兒早期不易發(fā)生缺鐵6個(gè)月-2歲發(fā)生率高兒童期和青春期鐵代謝特點(diǎn)兒童期缺鐵主要原因是偏食、食物搭配不合理青春期鐵需要量增加,病因etiology,儲(chǔ)鐵不足:早產(chǎn)兒/雙胎/產(chǎn)時(shí)失血/孕母缺鐵 攝入不足:乳類鐵少、未加輔食生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育:血容量增加 > 鐵攝入

39、吸收障礙:搭配不合理/慢性腹瀉/反復(fù)感染丟失過多:長(zhǎng)期慢性失血,0.5mg/ml(牛奶過敏、息肉、鉤蟲、憩室),發(fā)病機(jī)制,缺鐵對(duì)血液系統(tǒng)影響,鐵,原卟啉,,,血紅素,珠蛋白,,,,Hb,細(xì)胞分裂增殖,,RBC數(shù)量,,,,,,小細(xì)胞低色素貧血,,發(fā)病機(jī)制,缺鐵對(duì)非造血系統(tǒng)影響肌紅蛋白合成含鐵酶活性,,,,體力神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)消化道免疫力,,,鐵缺乏演變過程,,紅細(xì)胞生成缺鐵期,,缺鐵性貧血期,鐵減少期,儲(chǔ)存鐵 : SF

40、 骨髓外鐵 腸道鐵吸收儲(chǔ)存鐵 : SF SI TS TIBC FEP Hb正常臨床貧血,,,,,,,,亞臨床型,ID,IDE,IDA,,,,臨床表現(xiàn),嬰幼兒,起病緩慢血液系統(tǒng)癥狀貧血一般表現(xiàn):蒼白、疲乏、頭暈髓外造血:肝脾淋巴結(jié)腫大,3.非造血系統(tǒng)癥狀,消化系統(tǒng),神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),心血管系統(tǒng),免疫運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng),

41、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,外周血象 小細(xì)胞低色素RBC大小不等,以小為主,中央淡染區(qū)擴(kuò)大MCV、MCH、MCHCWBC、BPC多正常,,Smear of Blood(血涂片),A. 正常外周血象,B. ID 期,C. IDE期,D. 輕度IDA期,E. 中度IDA期,F. 重度IDA期,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,骨髓象增生活躍,胞漿發(fā)育落后于胞核粒系、巨核系正常胞外鐵減少、胞內(nèi)鐵粒細(xì)胞數(shù)<15%,Bone marrow,A. 有核細(xì)胞

42、增生明顯活躍,B. 漿幼核老,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,3. 生化檢查血清鐵蛋白(SF) 500ug/dl血清鐵(SI) 350ug/dl,,,,,,,診 斷,喂養(yǎng)史 臨床表現(xiàn) 外周血象,鐵代謝檢查,鐵劑治療有效,骨髓Hb電泳,初步診斷,確定診斷,證實(shí)診斷,鑒別診斷,,,,治療,原則 祛除病因 補(bǔ)充鐵劑鐵劑:硫酸亞鐵、富馬酸鐵、葡萄糖酸亞鐵劑量:鐵元素4~6mg/kg.d 兩餐之間

43、促進(jìn)吸收:VitC療程:Hb正常后6~8w,治療,治療反應(yīng): 12~24h 3d~1w 1~2w 3~4w 繼用6~8w2. 無效原因: 用藥?病因?誤診?,Hb正常,Hb,,Ret,,精神癥狀,增加鐵儲(chǔ)存,間隔補(bǔ)鐵—WHO,定義 是指q3d或qw補(bǔ)鐵一次理論基礎(chǔ) 小腸粘膜細(xì)胞更新周期為5-6d動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn) 鐵生物利用率q3d=2.6倍qd臨床研究

44、Hb升高與胃腸道副反應(yīng)推薦 小劑量(元素鐵2mg/kg.d) 短療程(12w)間隔補(bǔ)鐵(qw),Parenteral iron,To be administered only for gastrointestinal malabsorption or severe intolerance(嚴(yán)重不耐受) prevents effective oral iron therapy.,Reticulocytosis(網(wǎng)織紅細(xì)胞),一般治

45、療3~4天后,網(wǎng)織紅細(xì)胞開始升高。,輸血Transfusion,嚴(yán)重貧血伴有心功能不全者,可考慮輸濃縮紅細(xì)胞,但應(yīng)少量及慢速。,預(yù) 防,提倡母乳喂養(yǎng)及時(shí)添加輔食早產(chǎn)兒2月后補(bǔ)鐵治療慢性病,Prevention,Nutritional Megaloblastic Anemia(營(yíng)養(yǎng)性巨幼紅細(xì)胞性貧血),Folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency are primary causes of megal

46、oblastic anemia.,Case 2.,Zhou, male, 8 month old. pallor for 2 mo . progressive drowsiness and go asleep for 20 hr pre day. He can not smile and to raise his head, which can be done before. He was fed with Mother's m

47、ilk only,3 times every day.,Case 2.,Physical examination: emotional expression Sluggishness(呆滯), Pallor. no jaundice, rashes and hemorrhagic spots in skin; pallor in his lips. Breath sounds are distinct and there are no

48、rale in lungs. Heart rate is 110 times per minute. The liver and spleen enlarge to 3 centimeters and 4 centimeters below lower costa margin respectively.,Blood routine,questions:,1.Which kind of anemia it belongs?,Answer

49、,The clinic data shows a macrocytic anemia.,questions:,1.Which kind of anemia it belongs?,questions:,2. Is it caused by deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12 ?,Answer,In this case, macrocytic anemia is caused by defici

50、ency of vitamin B12.,Why?,questions:,3.what is the differences in clinical manifestation between deficiency of folic acid and deficiency of vitamin B12?,定義,由于VtB12/葉酸缺乏所致的大細(xì)胞性貧血,其臨床特點(diǎn)是貧血、神經(jīng)精神癥狀、RBC胞體變大、骨髓出現(xiàn)巨幼細(xì)胞、 VtB12/葉酸

51、治療有效,病 因,攝入不足:母乳(母挑食)、羊乳(葉酸)、輔食吸收障礙: 內(nèi)因子+B12、小腸病變、藥物需要增加: 生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育快、慢性溶血消耗過多或代謝障礙:感染、酶缺乏,營(yíng)養(yǎng)性巨幼細(xì)胞性貧血發(fā)病機(jī)理,,Answer,In the macroblastic anemia produced by deficiency of vitamin B12, the symptoms and signs include those of a

52、nemia and neuropathy. Patients develop a demyelinating lesion(脫髓鞘損害) of neurons of the spinal column and cerebral cortex(大腦皮層). This condition results in paresthesias(感覺異常) of the hands and feet, unsteadiness of gait(步態(tài)不

53、穩(wěn)), and eventually memory loss and personality(智力) changes. There is retard of intellective and physical development(智力及體格發(fā)育延遲). Trembling(震顫) of Extremities(四肢) or head, hypertension of muscle, tendon reflex reinforceme

54、nt(腱反射亢進(jìn)), positive Babinski's sign may appear.,臨床表現(xiàn),嬰幼兒多見,起病緩慢貧血:一般表現(xiàn),髓外造血營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良:皮膚蒼黃、虛胖神經(jīng)系統(tǒng):反應(yīng)遲鈍、智力落后/倒退、震顫,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,1. 外周血象 大細(xì)胞正色素貧血RBC:大小不等、以大為主,嗜多色 /嗜點(diǎn)彩中性粒細(xì)胞:變大、過分葉(早期診斷)Ret、BPC減少,Smear of bl

55、ood(血涂片),Smear of patient’blood,A. 巨幼細(xì)胞貧血血象,B. 嗜堿性點(diǎn)彩紅細(xì)胞,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,2. 骨髓象增生明顯活躍,紅系為主粒紅系巨幼變,巨核系過分葉3.血清B12/葉酸濃度下降,BM(骨髓),A. 有核細(xì)胞增生明顯活躍,B.巨中幼紅、巨晚幼粒細(xì)胞,C.Howell-Jolly小體,D.巨核細(xì)胞,診斷,貧血癥狀 血象: 骨髓象:血清:,震顫智力動(dòng)作倒退,一般表現(xiàn),髓外造血,神經(jīng)

56、精神癥狀,大細(xì)胞正色素性貧血,巨幼樣變,B12/葉酸濃度下降,治療,一般治療:輔食、護(hù)理、防感染補(bǔ)充: B12 劑量:500~1000ug im x 1次 或 100ug im biw x 2-4w治療反應(yīng): 6-7h 巨幼紅細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)為正常; 2-4d Ret增加、精神癥狀好轉(zhuǎn) 2w后 Hb上升,治療,補(bǔ)充:葉酸 劑量:葉酸 5mg

57、 tid po VtC 助吸收治療反應(yīng): 1-2d 巨幼紅細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)為正常; 2-4d Ret增加 2-6w Hb正常,兩種類型貧血鑒別(一),缺鐵性貧血 巨幼細(xì)胞性貧血年齡 6m-2y 6m-2y原因 鐵缺乏 VtB

58、12/葉酸缺乏臨床 一般表現(xiàn) 蒼白/消瘦 蠟黃/ 虛胖髓外造血 有 有神經(jīng)系統(tǒng) 較輕 較顯著,,,,兩種類型貧血鑒別(二),缺鐵性貧血 巨幼細(xì)胞性貧血 有 有外周血象

59、 小細(xì)胞低色素 大細(xì)胞性骨髓象 胞漿落后于胞核 巨幼樣變、核幼漿老鐵代謝指標(biāo) 異常 正常 血清B12/葉酸 正常 降低,,,,,營(yíng)養(yǎng)性貧血小 結(jié),病因 儲(chǔ)存攝入少、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育快、吸收差、丟失多臨床表現(xiàn) 年齡、一般貧血、髓外造血、非造血系統(tǒng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室

60、檢查 血涂片、骨髓、鐵代謝治療及療效判斷 鐵劑、B12/葉酸、網(wǎng)織紅細(xì)胞兩種營(yíng)養(yǎng)性貧血鑒別 五不同,Diagnosis,Preliminary assessment(初步估計(jì)) of megaloblastic anemia貧血表現(xiàn)+大細(xì)胞性貧血血象+骨髓檢查有巨幼紅細(xì)胞,Diagnosis,Final diagnosis: To distinguish the deficien

61、cy of folic acid with the deficiency of vitamin B12.,Diagnosis,Marked symptoms and signs of central nervous system.( it supports defiency of vitamin B12.)Measurement of serum folate level and cobalamin(鈷胺) level.,Final

62、diagnosis,Therapy,To remove the etiological factors and ameliorate diet(改善飲食).,Therapy,Special treatment:Vitamin B12 preparation to treat vitamin B12 deficiency. Not to use folic acid preparation in patients with vitami

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