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1、醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)翻譯與寫(xiě)作,昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)外語(yǔ)部 楊克西,,,課程簡(jiǎn)介,目的:改變單一公共英語(yǔ)的重復(fù)教學(xué),嘗試發(fā) 展ESP(English for Special Purpose)。內(nèi)容:一、英譯漢、漢譯英技巧 二、文獻(xiàn)綜述、摘要、病例報(bào)告、入 院記錄、病歷、醫(yī)用應(yīng)用文(藥品說(shuō)

2、 明、醫(yī)用廣告、醫(yī)用函件等)的寫(xiě)作 方法。 三、考評(píng):平時(shí)成績(jī)50%,卷面成績(jī) 50%。開(kāi)卷。,教學(xué)方法,課前預(yù)習(xí)了解重點(diǎn)。課上填充筆記,邊聽(tīng)邊寫(xiě),課程結(jié)束按專(zhuān)業(yè)分組交回檢查。課后分組完成任務(wù)。,,第一部分 英譯漢技巧一、兩種語(yǔ)言的基本區(qū)別: 1.英語(yǔ)重結(jié)構(gòu),漢語(yǔ)重語(yǔ)義英語(yǔ)為形合(hy

3、potaxis)語(yǔ)言,以形合為主,意合為輔,以形制意。主謂結(jié)構(gòu)為主干,以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為中心,借助諸如分詞、介詞、連詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞之類(lèi)的連接手段,把句子中的其他各類(lèi)語(yǔ)法成分層層搭架,呈現(xiàn)出由中心向外擴(kuò)展的“分岔式”結(jié)構(gòu)。中文為意合(parataxis)語(yǔ)言,以意合為主,形合為輔,以意馭形; (特殊結(jié)構(gòu):虛擬條件,否定方法,倒裝句等的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義),,漢語(yǔ)的詞性沒(méi)有英語(yǔ)詞性在句法結(jié)構(gòu)上區(qū)分明顯,詞性在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中顯得特別重要。吃

4、(正在吃、已吃過(guò)、想吃、被吃) eat (be eating; have/has eaten; will eat; be eaten)勞動(dòng)(他勞動(dòng);勞動(dòng)光榮;他愛(ài)勞動(dòng);關(guān)心勞動(dòng)人民) He works(動(dòng)詞); Working(動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)) is honorable; He enjoys working(動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)); Care working(現(xiàn)在分詞做形容詞) people,,2. 英語(yǔ)

5、多長(zhǎng)句,漢語(yǔ)多短句 英語(yǔ)中,只要結(jié)構(gòu)上沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤,許多意思往往可以放在一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句中表達(dá);漢語(yǔ)則正好相反,語(yǔ)義通過(guò)字詞直接表達(dá),不同的意思往往通過(guò)不同的短句表達(dá)出來(lái)。正是由于這個(gè)原因,考研英譯漢試題幾乎百分之百都是長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的句子,而翻譯成中文經(jīng)常就成了許多短小的句子。,,3. 英語(yǔ)多從句,漢語(yǔ)多分句 英語(yǔ)句子不僅可以在簡(jiǎn)單句中使用很長(zhǎng)的修飾語(yǔ)使句子變長(zhǎng),同時(shí)也可以用從句使句子變復(fù)雜,而這些從句往往通

6、過(guò)從句引導(dǎo)詞與主句或其它從句連接,整個(gè)句子盡管表面上看錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜卻是一個(gè)整體。漢語(yǔ)本來(lái)就喜歡用短句,加上表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)松散,英語(yǔ)句子中的從句翻成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)往往成了一些分句。,,4. 英語(yǔ)多代詞,漢語(yǔ)多名詞 英語(yǔ)在主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)等名詞成分上不僅有we、you、he、they等人稱(chēng)代詞,而且還有that、which之類(lèi)的關(guān)系代詞,在長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的句子中,為了使句子結(jié)構(gòu)正確、語(yǔ)義清楚,同時(shí)避免表達(dá)上的重復(fù),英語(yǔ)往往使用很多代詞。漢語(yǔ)雖然也有代詞

7、,但由于結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)松散、句子相對(duì)較短,漢語(yǔ)里不能使用太多的代詞,使用名詞往往使語(yǔ)義更加清楚。,,5. 英語(yǔ)多被動(dòng),漢語(yǔ)多主動(dòng)   英語(yǔ)比較喜歡用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),科技英語(yǔ)尤其如此。漢語(yǔ)雖然也有"被"、"由"之類(lèi)的詞表示動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)的,但這種表達(dá)遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)那么常見(jiàn),因此,英語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)在漢譯中往往成了主動(dòng)。,,常用被動(dòng)句型的漢譯: It must be pointed out tha

8、t...必須指出…… It must be admitted that...必須承認(rèn)…… It is imagined that...人們認(rèn)為…… It is reported that…據(jù)報(bào)道…… It can not be denied that...不可否認(rèn)…… It will be seen from this that...由此可知…… It should be realized that...必須認(rèn)識(shí)到…

9、… It is (always) stressed that...人們(總是)強(qiáng)調(diào)…… It may be said without fear of exaggeration that...可以毫不夸張地說(shuō)……,,6. 英語(yǔ)多前重心,漢語(yǔ)多后重心 在表達(dá)邏輯思維時(shí),英語(yǔ)往往是判斷或結(jié)論等在前,事實(shí)或描寫(xiě)等在后,即重心在前;漢語(yǔ)則是由因到果、由假設(shè)到推論、由事實(shí)到結(jié)論,即重心在后。,,英漢詞法及句法差異比較

10、例:1. A notion has been taken hold in the US to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them. 在美國(guó)有一個(gè)根深蒂固的觀點(diǎn),只有那些撫養(yǎng)得起子女的人才應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)生育。,,2. What’s wro

11、ng with the argument that a dying and a pain wrecked patient could ask doctors for a prescription for a fatal overdose? 有人主張瀕臨死亡的、極端痛苦的病人應(yīng)該可以要求醫(yī)生開(kāi)大劑量的致命的藥物處方。這種想法又有什么錯(cuò)呢? 3. Whether you die at a young age or when

12、you are older is less important than whether you have fully lived the years you have had. 不論是在青年時(shí)夭折,還是在老年死去,都沒(méi)有是否虛度年華來(lái)的重要。,,特殊結(jié)構(gòu) 1.Young as he is, he has seen much of the world. 雖然他年輕,但是… … 2.Should he act

13、like that , he would be punished. 假如… …,,,,二、翻譯技巧1. 翻譯要符合專(zhuān)業(yè)習(xí)慣,使用專(zhuān)門(mén)術(shù)語(yǔ) 找出醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)用術(shù)語(yǔ)并解釋其含義: 1.Another favorite spot for embolus(血栓) to strike is the brain. favorite spot:易發(fā)部位Strike:發(fā)作、襲擊,,2. The ways in wh

14、ich damage may be produced by the parasites include the following: trauma or physical damage, lytic necrosis, stimulation of host-tissue reactions, toxic and allergic phenomena, and the opening or pathways for the entry

15、 of other pathogens into tissue.Lytic: 細(xì)胞溶解酶,松解的, 漸退的Necrosis:壞疽、壞死lytic necrosis :“液化性壞死” host-tissue:“宿主組織”,,3. Medicine is a branch of medical science that treats patients solely with the use of drugs, or non-surg

16、ically.句中的“medicine”譯作 “內(nèi)科學(xué)”。 4. Medicine is not only a branch of applied biology. It also subsumed (包含)many aspects of psychology, sociology, and economics. 句中的“medicine”譯作“醫(yī)學(xué)”。,,練習(xí)Any chronic inflammatory liver

17、disease has the potential to induce heptocellular carcinoma, but the pathophysiologic process most commonly associated with the disease is cirrhosis, found in up to 80% of cases. 任何慢性炎癥性肝病都可能引起肝細(xì)胞癌,但與肝細(xì)胞癌相關(guān)的最為常見(jiàn)的病理生理

18、病變則是肝硬化,高達(dá)80%的肝細(xì)胞病理都可見(jiàn)肝硬化。Many diseases are preventable through healthy living, and a primary public health goal is to educate the general public about how to prevent noninfectious diseases. 許多疾病都可以通過(guò)健康生活方式來(lái)加以預(yù)防,公

19、共衛(wèi)生的一個(gè)基本目標(biāo)就是要教育一般民眾如何預(yù)防非傳染性疾病。,,練習(xí)The dose of asprin should be individualized on the basis of patient preferences and the presence of comorbid conditions, such as peptic ulcer. 根據(jù)病人的喜好及同時(shí)并存的其它病情(如消化道潰瘍), 阿司匹林的劑量應(yīng)當(dāng)

20、有個(gè)體的差異。Glaucoma can be classified as primary or secondary based on etiology. 青光眼可根據(jù)病因?qū)W分為原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性青光眼。,,,,2. 翻譯專(zhuān)門(mén)術(shù)語(yǔ)必須基于詞語(yǔ)的基本含義進(jìn)行變化 1. Active CAD is an inflammatory process.Active:活躍的、積極的,含義具體了?;顒?dòng)性冠狀動(dòng)脈是一種炎性病變。

21、 2. A heavy person with a heavy complexion was breathing heavily in a heavy condition due to heavy drinking last night.Heavy:含義各不相同,分別指:體態(tài)、 面貌、呼吸、 身體危及情況、醉酒狀況。一個(gè)體態(tài)臃腫的人因昨晚酗酒而呈現(xiàn)痛苦面容與呼吸困難的危急狀況。,3. Some patients find an ic

22、e bag applied to the parotid(腮 腺) region comforting, but others prefer heat. heat:“熱敷”,含義具體化了。4. Therapeutic measures were tailored to fit the patient. tailor:“制訂”,含義抽象化了。5. In elderly patients the radical

23、 approach is often the correct one. radical:根本的、基本的,轉(zhuǎn)化為“根治手術(shù)” 。6. brief loss of vision in one eye “一只眼睛暫時(shí)瞎了”改譯為“一過(guò)性單眼失明”,,,,3. 普通詞匯醫(yī)學(xué)化(醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)中的兩棲詞匯)Asthma(哮喘) is not a disease entity but one form of clini

24、cal presentation of a variety of disorders of the bronchus. entity:實(shí)體、本質(zhì) 疾病的病種 哮喘并不是一種疾病病種而是支氣管的眾多病癥中 的一種臨床表現(xiàn)。 2. Coryza(鼻炎)is the primary infection of the nose and nasopharynx(鼻咽).

25、 primary:主要的、根本的 原發(fā)的 鼻炎是鼻和鼻咽的原發(fā)感染。,,,3. Cholelithiasis(膽結(jié)石) may be associated with present or past episodes of either acute or chronic cholecystitis(膽囊炎). Episodes:插曲、偶發(fā)事件 發(fā)作 膽結(jié)石可能是

26、與現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去的急慢性膽囊炎發(fā)作有關(guān)。4. As more muscles are involved, rigidity becomes increased and generalized. rigidity:僵硬、死板 強(qiáng)直 隨著更多肌肉受到影響,強(qiáng)直加劇至全身。,,,5. Heart failure is a frequent and important complication o

27、f subacute(亞急性) bacterial endocarditis(心內(nèi)膜炎). Failure:失敗、不及格 衰竭、故障 Complication:復(fù)雜 并發(fā)癥 心衰是亞急性細(xì)菌性心內(nèi)膜炎的常見(jiàn)而重要的并發(fā)癥。6. The blood concentration of urea and other nitrogenous compound(含氮化合物) ste

28、adily rises. concentration:集中、專(zhuān)心 濃度 血液中尿素和其他含氮化合物的濃度在穩(wěn)定上升。,,,,,7. Lymph nodes are often enlarged but are not tender. tender:溫柔的、親切的 觸痛、敏感. 淋巴結(jié)往往腫脹,但無(wú)觸痛感。 8. In such cases heart murmur is

29、 often present. murmur:低語(yǔ)、低聲 雜音、心臟雜音 在這樣的病例中,總是存在心臟雜音。,,,,9. The higher fatality rates were usually attributable to secondary bacterial pneumonia. Secondary:第二的、中級(jí)的 繼發(fā)的 較高的死亡率常歸因于繼

30、發(fā)性細(xì)菌性肺炎。10. Cardiac arrest may be defined as an unexplained and unanticipated cessation of cardiac activity. Arrest:逮捕、監(jiān)禁 停止、阻止、心臟驟停 心臟驟??梢员欢x為一種難以解釋的、難以預(yù)料的心臟搏動(dòng)的停止。,,,11. The lungs should be carefully

31、examined at frequent intervals for signs of pulmonary consolidation. consolidation:鞏固、團(tuán)結(jié) 實(shí)變 肺部應(yīng)接受定期的認(rèn)真的檢查以發(fā)現(xiàn)肺部組織實(shí)變跡象。12. As term approaches, there is a good possibility of complications. term:學(xué)期

32、、期間、術(shù)語(yǔ) 預(yù)產(chǎn)期、足孕 隨著預(yù)產(chǎn)期的臨近,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的可能性極大。,,,13. HIV-contaminated surfaces can easily be cleaned and disinfected because HIV is inactivated by heat and by common disinfectants(消毒劑) such as hydrogen, peroxide an

33、d alcohol. inactivate:使不活躍、不活動(dòng) 滅活、減除活性 被艾滋病病毒污染過(guò)的表面可以很容易的被清理和消毒,因?yàn)榘滩〔《究梢酝ㄟ^(guò)加熱被滅活,或者通過(guò)諸如氫、過(guò)氧化物以及酒精等普通消毒劑加以滅活。 14. This lady is going into labor, we must send her to the hospital. labor:勞動(dòng)、勞力

34、 分娩、陣痛 這個(gè)女士快要分娩了,我們必須送她去醫(yī)院。,,,,15. Health promotion efforts in the 1990s increased public awareness of osteoporosis(骨質(zhì)疏松), a condition that causes disabling bone fractures among older people. condition:條件、情況

35、 疾病 二十世紀(jì)九十年代為促進(jìn)健康所做的努力提高了人們對(duì)骨質(zhì)疏松癥的了解,這種病能導(dǎo)致高齡老人骨折從而失去活動(dòng)能力。16. End-of-life care means once aggressive treatment becomes inappropriate for cancer patients, care should focus on relieving pain and suffering. E

36、nd-of-life care:生命盡頭的關(guān)心 臨終關(guān)懷 aggressive:侵略性的 積極的 臨終關(guān)懷指的是曾經(jīng)積極的治療已不適合癌癥病人,對(duì)病人的關(guān)心應(yīng)專(zhuān)注于減輕其痛苦。,,,,兩棲詞匯,兩棲詞匯,兩棲詞匯,dressing 繃帶\敷料 discharge 出院 entity病種intervention治療、介入conception 妊娠culture medium

37、培養(yǎng)基trace elements 微量元素acid fast 抗酸的identical twin 同卵雙生labor 分娩acute 急性的,tender 觸痛感 primary 原發(fā)性的 secondary 繼發(fā)性的 cardiac arrest 心臟驟停 term 預(yù)產(chǎn)期、足孕 administration 用藥 angry 發(fā)炎腫痛的 attack 發(fā)作 brainst

38、orm 腦卒病變 calf 小腿 murmur 雜音,,,,4.醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的特征 1)最基本特征----“一詞三式” 英語(yǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)主要來(lái)自3個(gè)語(yǔ)言成分:央格魯-撒克遜語(yǔ)(古英語(yǔ) Anglo-Saxon),古希臘語(yǔ)(Greek)與古拉丁語(yǔ)(Latin)。拉丁語(yǔ)和希臘語(yǔ)這兩大古代語(yǔ)言為醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)提供了大量可靈活運(yùn)用并含義確切的詞根,這樣就出現(xiàn)了相同含義,不同拼寫(xiě)的詞根與各種前后綴結(jié)合構(gòu)成大量的含義相同或不同的

39、醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ),這就是醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的一詞三式現(xiàn)象。,“一詞三式”舉例,,例:體軀系統(tǒng) 英語(yǔ) 希臘源 拉丁源Body somato- coporo-Head cephalo- capito-neck

40、 trachelo- cervico-limb acro- membrumfinger dactylo- digito-thigh股 mero-

41、 femoro-chest thoraco- pecto-breast masto- mammo-belly ventro- abdomino-flank肋腹

42、 laporo-, celioback opitho- dorsi-waist lumbo- loin,,其他各系統(tǒng)的“一詞三式”舉例詳見(jiàn)Word文檔,2)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的其他來(lái)源,一、以醫(yī)生或者患者名字為術(shù)語(yǔ): Parkins

43、on’s Dissease,振顫麻痹,以醫(yī)生為名; Hippocratic face 死后面相,以醫(yī)生為名; Christmas disease, 凝血因子IX缺乏(克雷司馬斯?。?; Hela cells 希拉細(xì)胞(子宮頸癌細(xì)胞),以患者為名。 二、以文學(xué)作品或事件中人物為術(shù)語(yǔ): Achilleus tendon 跟腱;

44、 Achilles Jerk 跟腱反射; Oedipus complex 戀母情節(jié); Electra complex 戀父情結(jié); Jocasta complex 戀子情結(jié); Lear Complex 戀女情結(jié); Diana complex 獨(dú)身情節(jié); Cain complex 兄弟敵對(duì)情節(jié); 三、以地名冠名:

45、 Keshan disease 中國(guó)克山微量元素缺乏; Mediterrannian anemia 地中海貧血; Schistosoma mekongi 湄公河血吸蟲(chóng),Achilleus tendon 跟腱,An Achilles’ heel is a deadly weakness in spite of overall strength, that can actually or pot

46、entially lead to downfall.,Diana complex 獨(dú)身情節(jié),Diana 存在于古羅馬神話(huà)中,是月亮女神和狩獵女神,宙斯的女兒,太陽(yáng)神阿波羅的孿生妹妹。狄安娜身材修長(zhǎng)、勻稱(chēng),相貌美麗,又是處女的保護(hù)神,所以她的名字常成為“貞潔處女”的同義詞。據(jù)說(shuō),她有很多求婚者,但她不愿結(jié)婚,宣稱(chēng)自己特別熱愛(ài)自由,愿意與森林中的仙女們永遠(yuǎn)生活在一起。因此,在英語(yǔ)中,to be a Diana 可用來(lái)表示“終身不嫁”。,Oe

47、dipus complex 戀母情結(jié),在精神分析中指以本能沖動(dòng)力為核心的一種欲望。通俗地講是指男性的一種心理傾向,就是無(wú)論到什么年紀(jì),都總是服從和依戀母親,在心理上還沒(méi)有斷乳。這種男性被稱(chēng)為mama boy。,complex,Abnormal mental state resulting from past experience or suppressed desires 情結(jié),3)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的縮略表達(dá),醫(yī)學(xué)縮略語(yǔ)及相關(guān)符號(hào)、代號(hào)

48、在各國(guó)的醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域使用都非常廣泛,既簡(jiǎn)化了書(shū)寫(xiě)過(guò)程,又有利于醫(yī)學(xué)工作的管理和國(guó)際交流。,醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的縮略表達(dá),首字母BP GHMRI DNAMeSHRC ID,blood pressure 血壓growth hormone 生長(zhǎng)激素magnetic resonance imaging 核磁共振de

49、oxyriboneuclsic acid 脫氧核糖核酸 Medical subject headings 醫(yī)學(xué)主題詞表conditioned response 條件反射diabetic index 糖尿病指數(shù),醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的縮略表達(dá),首字母I&DS.T.S.B.I.H. P.H.L.P. G.A. L.A.. U.T.I.,incision and drai

50、nage 切開(kāi)排膿surgical toilet and suture 外科清創(chuàng)縫合bilateral inguinal hernia 雙側(cè)腹股溝疝prostate hypertrophy 前列腺肥大lumber puncture 腰穿general anesthesia 全麻local anesthesia 局麻urinary tract infection 泌尿道感染,醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的縮略表達(dá),詞首+

51、詞尾Abortion+mortuarymetabolism+genomics nutrition+pharmaceutical,Abortuary 流產(chǎn)胎兒存放室; Metanomics 代謝組織;Nutriceutical 營(yíng)養(yǎng)藥、滋補(bǔ)藥;,醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的縮略表達(dá),詞首+整詞 medical careradiation therapy,Medicare 醫(yī)療護(hù)理、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)Radiotherapy

52、放射療法,醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的縮略表達(dá),截取一部分influenzapoliomyelitis tuberculosis hemoglobinintravenous subcutaneousintramuscularcarcinomaposteroanterioranteroposterior,Flu 流感Polio 小兒麻痹癥TB 肺結(jié)核Hb 血紅蛋白i.v. 靜脈內(nèi)的、經(jīng)靜脈的SC皮下的i.

53、m. 肌肉的、肌內(nèi)的Ca 癌癥、腫瘤P.A.后前位的A. P.前后位的,,希臘詞源,4)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的復(fù)數(shù)形式,,,,,,,拉丁詞源,4)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的復(fù)數(shù)形式,,,,,,,,,更多例子:,Conjunctiva Conjunctivae 結(jié)膜Apex apices 尖端Analysis Analyses 分析

54、 Appendix Appendices 闌尾Edema edemata 水腫bacterium bacteria 細(xì)菌Axilla axillae 咯肢窩, 腋窩 diagnosis diagnoses 診斷cod

55、ex codices 藥典Fundus fundi 基底Fungus fungi 菌類(lèi), 蘑菇 corpus corpora 全集、語(yǔ)料庫(kù),,,5.轉(zhuǎn)換譯法(Transformation),1. Cough and expec

56、toration(咳痰) are frequent complaints in patients with cardiac failure.2. Relapse following initial improvement is a common signal of this event. 3. They at last successfully stopped the bleeding and go

57、t the patient out of danger.4. Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墻上掛著一幅精美的畫(huà)。,主訴 v.,復(fù)發(fā)、好轉(zhuǎn) v.,脫離 v.,,5. The preventive measures include elimination of snails, control of excreta, provision of safe wate

58、r supplies, and proper and prompt treatment of the patients. 6. Admission to hospital due to severe asthma indicates that the clinical medicines used have failed. 7. Nocturnal cough and sleep disturbance

59、 is a conspicuous complaint by the parents.8. He is physically weak but mentally sound.,消滅、管理、提供、治療 v.,…的指征是…n.,主訴 v.,身體、思想 n.,,9. Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.10. She

60、opened the window to let the fresh air in.11. The inflammation is characterized by red, swelling, fever and pain. 炎癥的特點(diǎn)是紅、腫、熱、痛。12. They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.13. The baby dou

61、bled its weight in a year.,確定 v.,進(jìn)來(lái) v.,特點(diǎn) n.,病號(hào)和傷員 n.,嬰兒的 adj.,,,6.增減譯法(Addition & Reduction),1. Susceptibility(易感性) to colds varies.2. In a number of studies, the cases are documented poorly, if they are docu

62、mented at all.3. Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia. 4. It is hard to say which, the drug or the diet, should be a matter of immediate concern for patients with atheroscl

63、erosis(動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化).,就算/即使記載,因人而異,洗衣服,,5. While the process meets the presently accepted definitions of emphysema(肺氣腫), it may be merely an anatomic consequence of aging.這個(gè)過(guò)程一方面固然符合現(xiàn)在的肺氣腫的定義,另一方面可能僅僅是一種老年人身體的解剖學(xué)上的變化

64、。6. Many mistakes had been made, bad ones.已經(jīng)犯了很多錯(cuò),而且還是糟糕的錯(cuò)誤。7. What is medicine? Medicine is not a science. 醫(yī)學(xué)不是一門(mén)單純的科學(xué)8. In particular, promiscuity and anonymous sexual contact have been implicated in AIDS.性行為

65、混亂尤其與艾滋病有關(guān)。,,9. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?冬天來(lái)了,春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎? 10. Applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的申請(qǐng)者優(yōu)先錄取。11. As winter comes, the leaves are gone f

66、rom trees and the grass is dead. 冬天來(lái)了,葉落草枯。12. Now complaints of road reconstruction are heard in all parts of the city.現(xiàn)在整個(gè)城市的人們都對(duì)道路改造怨聲載道。,,,,練習(xí)(采用增減、轉(zhuǎn)換、引申等手段)1. Prompt attention to the symptoms of stroke can ofte

67、n make all the difference between a healthy life and a half-healthy life which are in a twilight zone. 及時(shí)注意中風(fēng)癥狀往往可以分辨健康生活和亞健 康生活,這兩者常常界限不清。2. There may be temporary loss of speech or difficulty in

68、 speaking or understanding speech. 可能出現(xiàn)暫時(shí)的失語(yǔ)或聽(tīng)說(shuō)障礙 。3. Other potential interventions include use interferon(干 擾素), and other antiviral agents for treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. 其它可能使用的治療慢性病毒性肝炎的方法

69、是使用 干擾素和抗病毒藥。,,4. Patients with head injury benefit from formal rehabilitation during convalescence(恢復(fù)、康復(fù)). 頭部受傷的人在恢復(fù)期進(jìn)行正規(guī)的康復(fù)治療是有好處的。5. Diabetes is among the leading causes of kidney failure, but its frequency va

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