unit1 口譯聽辨和口譯記憶

1、口譯聽辨,,譯員的聽不同于一般聽力活動,聽的目的：用另一種語言完整地表達(dá)和復(fù)述聽到的全部內(nèi)容。自主聽力： 把握主題及關(guān)鍵信息； 捕捉話語脈絡(luò)； 預(yù)測下文； 判斷詞義。困難是什么？,,1. unknown words 生詞2. culturally-burdened phrases or idioms 英語中的文化陷阱（容易望文生義）3. illogical flow of thou

2、ght邏輯混亂4. heavy accent 口音濃重5. unfamiliar topic 不了解主題知識6. too quick a delivery speed 語速過快7. blurred point of view 意思不明確8.numbers數(shù)字,,the pauses at meaning chunks 意群停頓the context 上下文cultural awareness 文化意識communicat

3、ively conscious 交際性be clear of the intent of the speaker 意圖sharpen your ears by practice 練耳,Listening for Meaning instead of for Words,How to1. topic/ theme 話題、主題2. context ( textual & situational)語境（上下文本 & 交

4、際情景）3. tone （語氣）4. gestures & facial expressions（手勢 & 表情）5.intent (說話人意圖）6. Key words (關(guān)鍵詞）簡而言之，who, what,why, how,when,where,Logical Listening,generalization classification cause-effect compare & con

5、trast sequencing simple listing problem-solution,1. 抓關(guān)鍵詞語( keywords and expressions),表達(dá)信息的關(guān)鍵詞語當(dāng)屬實意詞, 即名詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞。在英語口語中, 關(guān)鍵詞語往往重讀。譯員抓住了關(guān)鍵詞語, 整個段落就如“綱舉目張”, 迅速被譯員理解。,Practice,Page 14,復(fù)述練習(xí)---中文,百老匯- broadway是一條縱貫美國紐約

6、市的“百老匯大街”，這條大街集中了眾多家劇院，電影院，餐館，酒吧等娛樂場所，每天都有大量的戲劇和娛樂演出，因此，百老匯被公認(rèn)為是紐約戲劇和娛樂中心。是美國戲劇和娛樂業(yè)的代名詞。著名的林肯表演藝術(shù)中心就坐落在百老匯大街上。,復(fù)述練習(xí)---英文,This is a happy and memorable occasion for me personally as well as for all the members of my deleg

7、ation. I’d like to thank you for the gracious hospitality and the warmth with which we have been received. I am very happy with your arrangement. In accepting your gracious invitation to Shanghai, I have an excellent opp

8、ortunity to learn about the investment environment here. It is my sincere wish that we should reach an agreement on the establishment of joint venture in this most promising city.Key Words: Hospitality, investment envir

9、onment, agreement, joint venture,辨識邏輯關(guān)系,P 16 自學(xué),2. 預(yù)測關(guān)鍵詞,詞匯層面：名詞、動詞等實詞1. 預(yù)測詞語搭配隨著中國綜合國力的_____和國際地位的_____, 中國在國際舞臺上越來越令人矚目。（國力增強(qiáng)enhance the comprehensive national strength，地位提高 improve its international status）類似的搭配有“

10、加快改革開放，打開了解世界的窗戶，提高機(jī)會，促進(jìn)發(fā)展”等。The United States and China have made great progress in building a_______that can meet the _____of our time, promote _____and maintain _____.(relationship , challenges , global prosperity ,

11、 world peace 建立關(guān)系，應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)，促進(jìn)繁榮，維護(hù)和平）,,2. 預(yù)測表達(dá)方式譯員聽到 “文化在促進(jìn)國際關(guān)系中的作用…” , “作用” 這個詞英語的習(xí)慣表達(dá)方式“ to play a role in..?！?又如當(dāng)聽到” 我代表中國政府和人民，對布什總統(tǒng)來華訪問表示熱烈歡迎”。 譯員從“代表。。?！?可以預(yù)測出英語的習(xí)慣表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu)為” On behalf of …, I extend my…to…”,,篇章層面1. 預(yù)測

12、主要成分從語篇的上下文中預(yù)測出說話人將要表達(dá)的信息，從而獲得相應(yīng)的語言表達(dá)方式或主要成分，如主語，謂語部分。例如： 神州5號的發(fā)射是一次壯舉，它顯示了中國的太空科技已經(jīng) _________.“達(dá)到很高水平，處于世界前列”,Practice 1,中國國際旅行社為各位安排了富有中國民族文化特色的________旅游線路。 各位將要游覽舉世聞名的景點和______，參觀雄偉的__________，觀賞珍貴的_________

13、_。你們還將有機(jī)會欣賞中國_________________，品嘗中國__________________。我國人民傳統(tǒng)的熱情和好客將使各位的訪問愉快而又_________,有趣的,古建筑群,中國文物,戲劇和雜技表演,烹調(diào)和地方風(fēng)味小吃,難忘,名勝,（interesting, places of interest, ancient buildings, Chinese cultural relics, operas and cir

14、cus performances, cuisine and local snacks，unforgettable ),Practice 2,Permit me to say again this evening: Let us act according to the principle of mutual respect and_____________, to the principle of both dignity a

15、nd fairness.It is certainly in the fundamental interest of our people to trade and be friends with the Chinese people.We are very _________ by your modernization program, an ambitious undertaking which makes our futu

16、re cooperation very ___________.China today , I understand , is taking a practical and effective ___________ and we wish you _______ and offer you our cooperation in this great endeavor.,mutual benefit,impressed,promis

17、ing,approach,success,,在聽辨訓(xùn)練的初級階段，如果還不能完全掌握邊聽、邊分析、邊記憶的技能，可采取就所聽內(nèi)容進(jìn)行提問的方式建立邏輯關(guān)系。比如可以將注意力放在WHAT、 WHO、WHEN AND WHERE、HOW AND WHY等幾個要素上。通過這種方式增強(qiáng)邏輯分析意識，努力跟上講話人的思路，從而對所聽語篇有一個正確的理解。,口譯記憶,,Are you a born interpreter?,Watch carefu

18、lly the following images for 15 seconds.Remember: Do not write.Do not speak to each other.,,865432879685938754720145,Example1,,20170901209 13905590902,Example 2,svfyehhkliea iengowenlfie,,abcdeedcbalonglonglong,Exa

19、mple 3,Brands,What is it?,Example 4,Shopping list,question:,Which things are included in this table?,,,大樹上安裝著電燈開關(guān)，樹下有把椅子，椅子在一輛汽車?yán)铮易掀?，帶上黑手套，拿上手槍，開車到了一個賭場。我先用骰子賭博；又穿著溜冰鞋溜冰，溜冰鞋被設(shè)計成了貓的形狀；還打了保齡球，球門下的球瓶是用雞蛋來代替的。雞蛋打破后，女巫出現(xiàn)了，

20、使用她的戒指施展魔法，我不得不把所有的薪水都拿出來買鮮花送給了她。,記憶,記憶包括輸入、儲存和重現(xiàn)三個過程，一般可分為瞬時記憶(instant memory)、短時記憶(short term memory)和長時記憶(long term memory)。就記憶而言，“瞬時記憶”是口譯的前提，“短時記憶”是口譯的關(guān)鍵，“長時記憶”是口譯的基礎(chǔ)。,口譯中的記憶,口譯中譯員將剛剛接收到的信息暫時儲存在短時記憶中，同時激活長時記憶中的相關(guān)部分

21、，使其參與譯員的在線記憶運(yùn)作?？谧g中的這種處于活躍狀態(tài)的記憶被稱為工作記憶（working memory），它是短時記憶和長時記憶的一種結(jié)合，以短時記憶為主，加上長時記憶中被激活的部分。譯員在口譯時并不是機(jī)械地記憶接收到的語音信息，而是需要從長時記憶中提取相關(guān)的語言和專題知識對信息進(jìn)行理解后才能將其意義儲存在短時記憶中。,如果所聽到的詞匯和信息是譯員平時反復(fù)使用且非常熟悉的，那么這些內(nèi)容在長時記憶中處于一種活躍狀態(tài)，口譯中這部分內(nèi)容就

22、很容易被激活，提取速度快，理解也會更容易更透徹，記憶儲存效果也會相應(yīng)更好。反之，如果碰上平時很少接觸或使用的詞匯和題材，即這些內(nèi)容在長時記憶中處于不活躍狀態(tài)，譯員的理解就會更費(fèi)時費(fèi)力，記憶效果也會大打折扣。可見，長時記憶是口譯理解的基礎(chǔ)，而口譯理解則是口譯記憶的前提。,口譯中的記憶,短時記憶訓(xùn)練的必要性,Daniel Gile 將連續(xù)傳譯的過程分成2個階段：第一階段I=L+M+NI=口譯；L=聽取并分析源語信息；M=從聽到

23、信息到以筆記形式存儲信息所需的短時記憶；N=筆記。,短時記憶訓(xùn)練的必要性,第二階段I=Rem+Read+PI=口譯；Rem=從短期記憶中提取并解構(gòu)源語信息；Read=讀取筆記；P=重新產(chǎn)出譯語信息。Gile 強(qiáng)調(diào)短時記憶在同傳或連傳中都起著非常重要的作用。因此，短時記憶訓(xùn)練應(yīng)成為譯員培訓(xùn)的技巧之一。良好的記憶力是口譯訓(xùn)練必須具備的技能,也是口譯能力的前提條件。,記憶訓(xùn)練方法,簡單重復(fù)法關(guān)聯(lián)記憶法邏輯記憶法形象記憶法,關(guān)聯(lián)

24、記憶法,一段記憶刻在我們頭腦中的深度，取決于這段記憶及其關(guān)聯(lián)的所有內(nèi)容的強(qiáng)度以及這件事情在大腦中的關(guān)聯(lián)復(fù)雜度,關(guān)聯(lián)記憶法,best,forest,text,restless,vest,restaurant,rest，textbook,test,restroom,harvestI want to be the best in the test by reading the text in the textbook. I need to

25、 rest in the restaurant and use the restroom, or I will be restless.I take off my best vest and harvest oranges in the forest.,邏輯記憶法P65,縱向和橫向 P16句子之間常見的邏輯關(guān)系包括 并列、承接、遞進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折、時間、讓步、因果、條件、對比、舉例和歸納等。,Practice 1,那一年，在中美之間發(fā)生了一

26、個非常重要的事件，主角就是克林頓。也許在美國你記住的是性丑聞。但是，在中國記住的是，他那一年訪問了中國。在6月份他訪問中國的時候，在人民大會堂和江澤民主席進(jìn)行了一個開放的記者招待會，然后又在北京大學(xué)進(jìn)行了一個開放的演講，這兩場活動的直播主持人都是我。,,1. 那一年，在中美之間發(fā)生了一個非常重要的事件，主角就是克林頓。2.也許在美國你記住的是性丑聞。但是，3.在中國記住的是，他那一年訪問了中國。4.在6月份他訪問中國的時候，5.在人民大

27、會堂和江澤民主席進(jìn)行了一個開放的記者招待會，6.然后又在北京大學(xué)進(jìn)行了一個開放的演講，7.這兩場活動的直播主持人都是我。 2.3 是對比關(guān)系，銜接詞是但是1 與 2 3 整體是順承關(guān)系，無銜接詞3 與4 是承接關(guān)系5 與6 是時間關(guān)系，銜接詞是然后5 6 整體和7 是總結(jié)關(guān)系，銜接詞是都4 和567整體是順承關(guān)系,Practice 2,And although there is much work ahead to str

28、engthen and expand U.S.-China cooperation and to manage our differences when we don't see eye-to-eye I begin my ambassadorship with confidence that the overall state of our relationship is strong.,,And although 1. th

29、ere is much work ahead to strengthen and expand U.S.-China cooperation and 2. to manage our differences when we don't see eye-to-eye 3. I begin my ambassadorship with confidence that the overall state of our relation

30、ship is strong. 1.2 之間為并列關(guān)系，通過and 銜接1.2 作為整體，與3 是讓步關(guān)系，通過although 連接,Practice 3,澳大利亞和中國在生態(tài)環(huán)境上有很大的差別，我認(rèn)為原因很多。首先是由于中國的人口密度較大，其次是經(jīng)濟(jì)情況不同。澳大利亞的經(jīng)濟(jì)主要依靠第一和第三產(chǎn)業(yè)，比如農(nóng)業(yè)、旅游業(yè)，它們對環(huán)境的污染相對較小；而中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)更依賴于第二產(chǎn)業(yè)（工業(yè)），第二產(chǎn)業(yè)對環(huán)境污染最大。另外，澳大利亞是一個發(fā)達(dá)國

31、家，在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有能力制定比較嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境保護(hù)法規(guī)。第三是歷史的原因。雖然澳大利亞的土族居民有六萬多年的歷史，但是他們是游牧民族，所以對生態(tài)環(huán)境沒有重大影響。澳大利亞重要的人類活動只有兩百年的歷史。在中國，重要的人類活動已有幾千年之久。第四，中國的環(huán)境保護(hù)還沒有受到應(yīng)有的重視。第五個原因是澳大利亞人和中國人的社會文明意識有所不同。,澳、中生態(tài)環(huán)境差別原因： 1． 人口密度 2．  經(jīng)濟(jì)情況：

32、 澳：第一、三產(chǎn)業(yè)（兩例、結(jié)果） 中：第二產(chǎn)業(yè)（結(jié)果） 此外，澳：發(fā)達(dá)國（環(huán)保法規(guī)） 3． 歷史：（重要人類活動史比較） 4．環(huán)保重視程度 5．文明意識,對事物的形態(tài)、體積、質(zhì)地、顏色、運(yùn)動狀態(tài)等具體形象的識記、保持和重現(xiàn)。零散文字記憶———整體圖像記憶,形象記憶法,老師看到題后，一言不發(fā)，皺著眉頭，習(xí)慣性地把左手的大拇指放在嘴唇下面來回移動，思考著，還

33、不時緩緩地?fù)u著頭，似乎解這道題有很大的困難。,Practice,,I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his cell phone rang, interrupting our conversation. There we were, walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and – poof! – I becam

34、e invisible, absent from the conversation. The park was filled with people talking on their cell phones. They were passing other people without looking at them, saying hello, noticing their babies or stopping to pet thei

35、r puppies. Evidently, the electronic voice is preferable to human contact.,,練習(xí)listen and retell without note taking listen to others retelling and give comment,,如果讓我回想的話，還是應(yīng)該從我北大的這四年的生活說起。說實話，這四年對我的影響是非常大的。在我的印象中，1988年

36、，也就是我入學(xué)的第二年，趕上了北大九十周年的校慶，一百周年的校慶沒有趕上，非常遺憾。但是九十周年的校慶對我來說已經(jīng)是非常深刻了。,語篇邏輯,醫(yī)生提醒人們，隨著人們生活水平的逐漸提高，人們的保健意識也隨之增強(qiáng)了，許多人認(rèn)為飯后吃點水果是現(xiàn)代生活的最佳搭配。無論是在餐廳、飯店，還是在家里就餐，許多人都喜歡飯后吃點水果爽口，其實這是一種錯誤的生活習(xí)慣，因為飯后馬上吃水果會影響消化功能。醫(yī)生解釋說，由于食物進(jìn)入胃以后，必須經(jīng)過一到兩個小時的消化

37、過程，才能緩慢排出。如果人們在飯后立即吃進(jìn)水果，就會被先期到達(dá)的食物阻滯在胃內(nèi)，致使水果不能正常地在胃內(nèi)消化，在胃內(nèi)時間過長，從而引起腹脹、腹瀉或便秘等癥狀。如果人們長期堅持這種生活習(xí)慣，將會導(dǎo)致消化功能紊亂，因此，人們最好在飯后一到兩個小時再吃水果。 醫(yī)生還提醒說，人們還要注意改正飯后飲茶和飯后散步的錯誤習(xí)慣。,,飯后立即飲茶，茶水會沖淡胃液，影響胃內(nèi)食物的正常消化。茶水中含有的單寧酸還會促使胃內(nèi)的物質(zhì)凝固，影響蛋白質(zhì)的吸

38、收，從而增加了胃的負(fù)擔(dān)。對此，醫(yī)生建議人們，在飯后一小時內(nèi)最好不要飲茶，應(yīng)待飯后一小時胃內(nèi)食物消化得差不多時再飲用茶水，這樣對消化功能和物質(zhì)凝固也不會產(chǎn)生太大的影響。 “飯后百步走，活到九十九”，這種說法也是不科學(xué)的。人的胃在飯后是處于充盈狀態(tài)的，即使是非常輕微的運(yùn)動也會使胃受到震動，從而增加胃腸負(fù)擔(dān)，影響消化功能。對此，醫(yī)生建議，飯后適當(dāng)休息三十分鐘，待胃內(nèi)的食物適當(dāng)消化后，再活動較為適宜，這樣也不會對消化系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生太大的影

39、響。,,1988年，那一年我20歲。這個時候我已經(jīng)從邊疆的小城市來到了北京，成為一名大學(xué)生。雖然今天在中國依然有很多人在抨擊中國的高考制度，認(rèn)為它有很多很多的缺陷，但必須承認(rèn)正是高考的存在，讓我們這樣一個又一個非常普通的孩子，擁有了改變命運(yùn)的機(jī)會。當(dāng)然，這個時候美國已經(jīng)不再是一個很遙遠(yuǎn)的國家，它變得很具體，它也不再是那個過去口號當(dāng)中的“美帝國主義”，而是變成了生活中很多的細(xì)節(jié)。這個時候，我已經(jīng)第一次嘗試過可口可樂，而且喝完可口可樂之后會

40、覺得中美兩個國家真的是如此接近，因為它們幾乎就跟中國的中藥是一樣的。,,網(wǎng)頁打開很慢的時候，網(wǎng)站運(yùn)行要求額外安裝插件的時候，網(wǎng)頁運(yùn)行到一半突然關(guān)閉的時候，你是不是會有點不耐煩？甚至有點想發(fā)火？這就是網(wǎng)怒。據(jù)英國最近一項針對1600位網(wǎng)民所做的調(diào)查顯示，網(wǎng)怒現(xiàn)象處于上升趨勢，主要表現(xiàn)為易怒，甚至有攻擊傾向。這里的攻擊傾向倒不一定是針對身邊的人，多半表現(xiàn)為砸鍵盤以及猛擊鼠標(biāo)。引起網(wǎng)怒的首要原因是網(wǎng)頁慢速下載時導(dǎo)致的煩躁情緒，其他原因還有

41、：圖片無法打開，某些網(wǎng)站需要安裝制作軟件才能運(yùn)行，登陸某個網(wǎng)站前要求提交個人信息，以及不能提供任何幫助的幫助按鈕。,,研究顯示，大部分網(wǎng)民等待網(wǎng)站打開的時間不會多于一分鐘，如果他們等待時間太長便會選擇訪問其他站點。這說明網(wǎng)怒對網(wǎng)站的經(jīng)營影響重大：網(wǎng)絡(luò)上選擇如此之多，如果最初選擇的網(wǎng)站變現(xiàn)未能達(dá)到客戶的期望，他們很快會離開這個網(wǎng)站而轉(zhuǎn)用另外一個。,,Girls don't do as wel

42、l at maths and science as boys. There are several reasons for this. The first and most important reason is that th

43、ey aren't encouraged to play with toys that build up interest in maths and science problems and that build skills fo

44、r problem solving or understanding how things work. Girls are encouraged to play with toys that foster language and human

45、0;relations skills. As a result, they can grow up not knowing how an engine works or how to build a model from 

46、;directions.,,Second, studies have shown that teachers don't expect girls to be good at maths. Even female maths and science&#

47、160;teachers pay more attention to boys in class and call on boys more often. Because teachers don't expect girls to 

48、;excel, they don't try very hard, and soon girls are far behind boys in these studies.,,Finally, girls don't have man

49、y role models to look up to. Not very many maths and science teachers are women, especially in the later grades. Wh

50、en the media picture mathematicians and scientists, they usually picture men. As a result, girls aren't inspired to choose

51、0;these fields as careers.          In summary, several factors work together in the home, in schools,&#

52、160;and in society at large to send a subtle message to girls. Girls almost always get the message; as a result, fe

53、w girls excel at maths and science.,形象記憶,I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street. Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door. He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer. In return for this,

54、 the beggar stood on his head and sang songs. I gave him a meal. He ate the food and drank the beer. Then he put a piece of cheese in his pocket and went away. Later a neighbor told me about him. Everybody knows him. His

55、 name is Percy Buttons. He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.,The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning. They were expecting a

56、valuable parcel of diamonds from South Africa. A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds. When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main bu

57、ilding while others were waiting on the airfield. Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House. While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their s

58、urprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!,Fishing is my favorite sport. I often fish for hours without catching anything. But this does not worry me. Some fishermen are unlucky. Instead of catching fish,

59、they catch old boots and rubbish. I am even less lucky. I never catch anything -- not even old boots. After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag. 'You must give up fishing!'

60、; my friends say. 'It's a waste of time.' But they don't realize one important thing. I'm not really interested in fishing. I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!,My daugh

61、ter, Jane, never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age in Holland. Last year, we were travelling across the Channel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle. She thre

62、w the bottle into the sea. She never thought of it again, but ten months later, she received a letter from a girl in Holland. Both girls write to each other regularly now. However, they have decided to use the post offic

63、e. Letters will cost a little more, but they will certainly travel faster.,I had a letter from my sister yesterday. She lives in Nigeria. In her letter, she said that she would come to England next year. If she comes, sh

64、e will get a surprise. We are now living in a beautiful new house in the country. Work on it had begun before my sister left. The house was completed five months ago. In my letter, I told her that she could stay with us.

65、 The house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden. It is a very modern house, so it looks strange to some people. It must be the only modern house in the district.,Airplanes are slowly driving me mad. I live n

66、ear an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. The airport was built years ago, but for some reason it could not be used then. Last year, however, it came into use. Over a hundred people must have been dri

67、ven away from their homes by the noise. I am one of the few people left. Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane. I have been offered a large sum of money to go away, but I am determined to s

68、tay here. Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably right.,,retell in the target language,,一組專業(yè)人員向一群四到八歲的孩子問了這樣一個問題：“愛是什么意思？” 結(jié)果答案的廣度和深度卻出乎所有人意料之外。看看你是怎么想的： "當(dāng)有人愛上你，他說你名字的方式是不一樣的。你就知道你的名字在他嘴里說出來感覺棒極了。&qu

69、ot;比利 - 四歲"愛就是當(dāng)你出去吃飯時，你把自己大部分薯條給某個人，而卻并不在意他是不是也給你。"克里希- 六歲"愛就是在你累的時候讓你笑起來的東西。"特里- 四歲"我知道我姐姐愛我，因為她把她所有的舊衣服都給了我，而她卻不得不出去買新的。" (勞倫 - 四歲 ),,A group of professional people posed this questi

70、on to a group of 4 to 8 year-olds, "What does love mean?" The answers they got were broader and deeper than anyone could have imagined. See what you think: "When someone loves you, the way they say your

71、name is different. You just know that your name is safe in their mouth." Billy - age 4 "Love is when you go out to eat and give somebody most of your French fries without making them give you any of theirs.&

72、quot; Chrissy - age 6 "Love is what makes you smile when you're tired." Terri - age 4 "I know my older sister loves me because she gives me all her old clothes and has to go out and buy new ones.&q

73、uot; Lauren - age 4,,我的母親56歲那年因癌癥去世，在此之前，她與病魔斗爭了將近十年。她一直堅持到看到我最大的孩子出生，還曾擁他們?nèi)霊选Ｈ欢?，年齡更小的孩子們卻從未有機(jī)會認(rèn)識自己的外婆，感受她的慈愛和藹。我們經(jīng)常說起“媽媽的媽媽”，我試著向孩子們解釋這種奪走了外婆的疾病。他們曾經(jīng)問道，是否同樣的事情也會發(fā)生在我的身上；我一直告訴他們不用擔(dān)心。然而事實上，我是BRCA1基因攜帶者，這種基因存在著缺陷，會導(dǎo)致罹患乳

74、腺癌和卵巢癌的風(fēng)險大幅提高。,,My mother fought cancer for almost a decade and died at 56. She held out long enough to meet the first of her grandchildren and to hold them in her arms. But my other children will never have the chance t

75、o know her and experience how loving and gracious she was.We often speak of "Mommy's mommy," and I find myself trying to explain the illness that took her away from us. They have asked if the same could h